Elastomeric compositions

ABSTRACT

This invention relates a composition comprising: (i) at least one low molecular weight polyolefin; (ii) a block copolymer obtainable by selectively hydrogenating a block copolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of a vinyl aromatic monomer and a mid-block prepared originally with an olefin and subsequently hydrogenated; and (iii) polypropylene; (iv) with the proviso that when (i) is a PAO having a molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole, either: (a) (iii) is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than 2 g/10 min, (b) (iii) is a copolymer; or (c) (iii) is a polymer or copolymer made by a metallocene catalyst; or (d) the composition does not contain calcium carbonate.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This invention claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Ser. No.60/699,718, filed Jul. 15, 2005.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to modification of compositions comprisinghydrogenated block copolymers, particularly styrenic block copolymers,to make elastomeric-like compositions with improved flexibility afterprolonged heat-aging and/or cooling with less surface blooming.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hydrogenated styrenic block copolymers, such as those having a saturatedethylene-butene-1 mid-block (i.e., SEBS), possess good thermalstability. However, use of such copolymers in certain processes,including thermoforming operations, is limited because of poorprocessability. This is thought to be a result of the highincompatibility of the styrene end-block and the EB mid-block even inthe melt state.

Polypropylene (PP) and high levels of process oils have been added toSEBSs in an attempt to improve processability. In the injection moldingor extrusion molding of useful parts, the PP/SEBS/oil mixture will formtwo co-continuous phases, a first continuous phase of PP and a secondcontinuous phase of oil and SEBS. The continuous, high melting-point PPphase enhances the solvent resistance and heat resistance of thecompounds. The combination of phases facilitates the production of soft,flexible parts such as wire and cable insulation and automotive interiorouter layers such as instrument panels, seats, and the like.

However, difficulties exist in using high levels of process oil in theblends to achieve lower values of hardness because the oil tends tobloom to the surface (“surface blooming”) and/or emit from the polymersduring service. Oils also have a yellowish appearance which detractsfrom the optical properties in the final product. Further, oils tend toemit a distinct odor which detracts from its use in closed or containedenvironments, such as automotive interiors.

Typically, mineral oils or synthetic oils are added as the processingoil to improve processability. Mineral oils are any petroleum-based oilthat is derived from petroleum crude oil and subjected to refiningsteps, such as distillation, solvent processing, hydroprocessing, and/ordewaxing to achieve the final oil. This also includes petroleum-basedoils that are extensively purified and/or modified through severeprocessing treatments. Examples of commercially available mineral oilsinclude but are not limited to Drakeol from Penreco (USA), Paralux fromChevron (USA), Sunpar from Sunoco (USA), Plastol and Flexon fromExxonMobil (USA), Shellflex from Royal Dutch Shell (UK/Netherlands), andDiana from Idemitsu (Japan).

Other block copolymer blends have been proposed to improveprocessability and maintain thermal stability. For example, U.S. Pat.No. 4,904,731 teaches polymeric compositions of a C2-C10 olefin polymer,a hydrogenated block copolymer, and an LLDPE, useful for shapedstructures having good clarity and good impact strength. U.S. Pat. No.5,925,707 discloses oil gel compositions of styrene block copolymers,oil, and optionally a polyolefin wax and/or liquid extender. WO 02/31044discloses a composition of SEBS, polypropylene, and a polydecene havinga molecular weight of from about 400 and 1000 g/mol to make flexibleproducts. Other references include U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,698; U.S. Pat.No. 4,960,820; WO 01/18109; WO 2004/014998; and EP 0300689.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions comprising hydrogenated block copolymers that have improvedflexibility after prolonged heat-aging and/or cooling with less surfaceblooming and methods for making the same are provided. In one or moreembodiments, this invention relates to a composition comprising:

-   -   (i) at least one low molecular weight polyolefin;    -   (ii) a block copolymer obtainable by selectively hydrogenating a        block copolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of a vinyl        aromatic monomer and a mid-block prepared originally with an        olefin and subsequently hydrogenated; and    -   (iii) polypropylene;    -   (iv) with the proviso that when (i) is a PAO having a molecular        weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole, either:        -   (a) (iii) is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater            than 2 g/10 min,        -   (b) (iii) is a copolymer; or        -   (c) (iii) is a polymer or copolymer made by a metallocene            catalyst; or        -   (d) the composition does not contain calcium carbonate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A detailed description will now be provided. Each of the appended claimsdefines a separate invention, which for infringement purposes isrecognized as including equivalents to the various elements orlimitations specified in the claims. Depending on the context, allreferences below to the “invention” can in some cases refer to certainspecific embodiments only. In other cases it will be recognized thatreferences to the “invention” will refer to subject matter recited inone or more, but not necessarily all, of the claims. Each of theinventions will now be described in greater detail below, includingspecific embodiments, versions and examples, but the inventions are notlimited to these embodiments, versions or examples, which are includedto enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make and use theinventions, when the information in this patent is combined withavailable information and technology.

A composition having surprisingly improved flexibility after prolongedheat-aging and/or cooling with decreased surface blooming, and methodsfor making the same are provided. In one or more embodiments, thecomposition comprises one or more low molecular weight polyolefins,selectively hydrogenated block copolymers, and polypropylene.Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the addition of the one ormore low molecular weight polyolefins to a blend of selectivelyhydrogenated block copolymers and polypropylene provides forcompositions having improved flexibility after prolonged heat-agingand/or cooling. The compositions also surprisingly have decreasedsurface blooming.

Low Molecular Weight Polyolefins

The one or more low molecular weight polyolefins according to thepresent invention can be any polyolefin having a number-averagemolecular weight (Mn) of less than 21,000 g/mol. Such polyolefinsinclude oligomers such as C5-C14 alphaolefins, including copolymersthereof, and oligomers of ethylene/butene-1 and isobutylene/butene-1.

Non-Functionalized Plasticizer (NFP)

In one or more embodiments, the low molecular weight polyolefins can beor include at least one non-functionalized plasticizer (“NFP”). A NFP isa hydrocarbon liquid, that is a liquid compound comprising carbon andhydrogen, which does not include to an appreciable extent functionalgroups selected from hydroxide, aryls and substituted aryls, halogens,alkoxys, carboxylates, esters, carbon unsaturation, acrylates, oxygen,nitrogen, and carboxyl. By “appreciable extent”, it is meant that thesegroups and compounds comprising these groups are not deliberately addedto the NFP, and if present at all, are present at less than 5 wt % byweight of the NFP in one embodiment, more preferably less than 4 wt %,more preferably less than 3 wt %, more preferably less than 2 wt %, morepreferably less than 1 wt %, more preferably less than 0.7 wt %, morepreferably less than 0.5 wt %, more preferably less than 0.3 wt %, morepreferably less than 0.1 wt %, more preferably less than 0.05 wt %, morepreferably less than 0.01 wt %, more preferably less than 0.001 wt %,based upon the weight of the NFP.

In one embodiment, aromatic moieties (including any compound whosemolecules have the ring structure characteristic of benzene,naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, etc.) are substantially absentfrom the NFP. By “substantially absent”, it is meant that thesecompounds are not added deliberately to the compositions and if presentat all, are present at less than 0.5 wt %, preferably less than 0.1 wt%.

In another embodiment, naphthenic moieties (including any compound whosemolecules have a saturated ring structure such as would be produced byhydrogenating benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, etc.) aresubstantially absent from the NFP. By “substantially absent”, it ismeant that these compounds are not added deliberately to thecompositions and if present at all, are present at less than 0.5 wt %,preferably less than 0.1 wt %.

In another embodiment, the NFP is a hydrocarbon that does not containolefinic unsaturation to an appreciable extent. By “appreciable extentof olefinic unsaturation” it is meant that the carbons involved inolefinic bonds account for less than 10% (preferably less than 8%, morepreferably less than 6%, more preferably less than 4%, more preferablyless than 2%, more preferably less than 1%, more preferably less than0.7%, more preferably less than 0.5%, more preferably less than 0.3%,more preferably less than 0.1%, more preferably less than 0.05%, morepreferably less than 0.01%, more preferably less than 0.001%) of thetotal number of carbons. In some embodiments, the percent of carbons ofthe NFP involved in olefinic bonds is between 0.001 and 10% of the totalnumber of carbon atoms in the NFP, preferably between 0.01 and 5%,preferably between 0.1 and 2%, more preferably less than 1%.

Particularly preferred NFPs include isoparaffins, PAOs, Group IIIbasestocks or mineral oils, high purity hydrocarbon fluids derived froma so-called Gas-To-Liquids processes, and mineral oils with a viscosityindex greater than 100, pour point less than −20° C., specific gravityless than 0.86, and flash point greater than 200° C.

In another embodiment, the NFP comprises C6 to C200 paraffins, and C8 toC100 paraffins in another embodiment. In another embodiment, the NFPconsists essentially of C6 to C200 paraffins, or essentially of C8 toC100 paraffins in another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the NFPcomprises C20 to C1500 paraffins, preferably C25 to C500 paraffins,preferably C25 to C500 paraffins, preferably C30 to C500 paraffins,preferably C40 to C500 paraffins, preferably C40 to C250 paraffins,preferably C30 to C150 paraffins, preferably C20 to C100 paraffins. In apreferred embodiment, the NFP comprises oligomers of C5 to C24 olefins.

Isoparaffins

In one embodiment of the present invention, the NFP is anisoparaffin-rich hydrocarbon liquid with a pour point of −50° C. or less(preferably −60° C. or less) and a specific gravity of 0.84 or less(preferably 0.83 or less). By isoparaffin-rich is meant that the NFPcomprises at least 50 wt % (preferably at least 60 wt %, preferably atleast 70 wt %, preferably at least 80 wt %, preferably at least 90 wt %,preferably 100 wt %) of C6 to C150 (preferably C6 to C100, preferably C6to C25, preferably C8 to C20) isoparaffins. Preferably the paraffinchains possess C1 to C10 alkyl branching along at least a portion ofeach paraffin chain. More preferably, the isoparaffins are saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbons whose molecules have at least one carbon atombonded to at least three other carbon atoms or at least one side chain(i.e., a molecule having one or more tertiary or quaternary carbonatoms), wherein the number-average molecular weight is in the range of100 to 1000 (preferably 120 to 500, preferably 150 to 300) g/mol.

In another embodiment, the isoparaffin-rich NFP has a kinematicviscosity at 25° C. of 30 cSt or less (preferably 25 cSt or less,preferably 20 cSt or less, preferably 15 cSt or less) and a glasstransition temperature (Tg) that cannot be determined by ASTM E 1356 orif it can be determined then the Tg according to ASTM E 1356 ispreferably less than 0° C., more preferably less than −10° C., morepreferably less than −20° C., more preferably less than −30° C.Preferably the number-average molecular weight of the isoparaffin-richNFP is in the range of 100 to 300 g/mol.

In another embodiment, the isoparaffin-rich NFP is a mixture of branchedand normal paraffins having from 6 to 50 carbon atoms, and from 10 to 24carbon atoms in another embodiment, in the molecule. The isoparaffincomposition has a ratio of branch paraffin to n-paraffin ratio (branchparaffin:n-paraffin) ranging from 0.5:1 to 9:1 in one embodiment, andfrom 1:1 to 4:1 in another embodiment. The isoparaffins of the mixturein this embodiment contain greater than 50 wt % (by total weight of theisoparaffin composition) mono-methyl species, for example, 2-methyl,3-methyl, 4-methyl, 5-methyl or the like, with minimum formation ofbranches with substituent groups of carbon number greater than 1, suchas, for example, ethyl, propyl, butyl or the like, based on the totalweight of isoparaffins in the mixture. In one embodiment, theisoparaffins of the mixture contain greater than 70 wt % of themono-methyl species, based on the total weight of the isoparaffins inthe mixture. The isoparaffinic mixture boils within a range of from 100°C. to 350° C. in one embodiment, and within a range of from 110° C. to320° C. in another embodiment. In preparing the different grades, theparaffinic mixture is generally fractionated into cuts having narrowboiling ranges, for example, 35° C. boiling ranges. These branchparaffin/n-paraffin blends are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No.5,906,727.

Suitable isoparaffm-rich hydrocarbon liquids are described in, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,285, U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,105 and U.S. Pat.No. 3,439,088, and are commercially available under the tradenameISOPAR™ (ExxonMobil Chemical), some of which are summarized in Table B.Other suitable isoparaffin-rich hydrocarbon liquids are commercialavailable under the trade names SHELLSOL™ (Royal Dutch/Shell), SOLTROL™(Chevron Phillips) and SASOL™ (Sasol Limited). The percentage of carbonsin chain-type paraffinic structures (CP) in such liquids is close to100% (95% or more). TABLE A ISOPAR ™ Series Isoparaffins flash KV @ pourpoint specific point distillation 25° C. (cSt) (° C.) gravity (° C.)range (° C.) ISOPAR G 1.5 −57 0.75 106 161-176 ISOPAR H 1.8 −63 0.76 127178-188 ISOPAR K 1.9 −60 0.76 131 179-196 ISOPAR L 2.0 −57 0.77 144188-207 ISOPAR M 3.8 −57 0.79 198 223-254 ISOPAR V 14.8 −63 0.82 266272-311

In another embodiment the isoparaffin-rich NFP has one or more of thefollowing properties: a distillation range (as determined by ASTM D 86)having a difference between the upper temperature and the lowertemperature of 40° C. or less, preferably 30° C. or less, preferably 20°C. or less, preferably 10° C. or less, preferably between 6 and 40° C.;and or a glass transition temperature (Tg) determined by ASTM E1356 ofless than 0° C., preferably less than −10° C., more preferably less than−20° C., more preferably less than −30° C., more preferably less than−50° C., or most preferably a Tg that can not be determined by ASTME1356; and or a pour point (as determined by ASTM D 97) of −40° C. orless, preferably −50° C. or less, preferably −60° C. or less; and or aspecific gravity (as determined by ASTM D 4052, 15.6/15.6° C.) of lessthan 0.85, preferably less than 0.84, preferably less than 0.83,preferably from 0.65 to 0.85, preferably from 0.70 to 0.84, preferablyfrom 0.75 to 0.83, preferably from 0.800 to 0.840; and or a finalboiling point (as determined by ASTM D 1160) of from 115 to 500° C.,preferably from 200 to 450° C., preferably from 250 to 400° C.; and or anumber average molecular weight (Mn) between 2,000 and 100 g/mol,preferably between 1500 and 150, more preferably between 1000 and 200;and or a flash point as measured by ASTM D 56 of 0 to 150° C., and or adensity (ASTM D4052, 15.6 oC) of from 0.70 to 0.83 g/cm3; and or akinematic viscosity (ASTM D445) of from 0.5 to 20 cSt at 25° C.

Polyalphaolefins

In another embodiment of the present invention, the NFP comprises apolyalphaolefin (PAO) liquid with a pour point (as measured by ASTM D97) of −10° C. or less and and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C.(measured by ASTM D 445) of 3 cSt or more. PAO liquids are described in,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,178; U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,064; U.S. Pat.No. 4,827,073; U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,908; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,531 andin Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids (LeslieR. Rudnick & Ronald L. Shubkin, ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1999), p. 3-52.

PAO liquids can be conveniently prepared by the oligomerization of analpha-olefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst, such as aFriedel-Crafts catalyst (including, for example, AlCl3, BF3, andcomplexes of BF3 with water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, or esters), acoordination complex catalyst (including, for example, the ethylaluminumsesquichloride+TiCl4 system), or a homogeneous or heterogeneous(supported) catalyst more commonly used to make polyethylene and/orpolypropylene (including, for example, Ziegler-Natta catalysts,metallocene or other single-site catalysts, and chromium catalysts).

In one embodiment, the PAO comprises C20 to C1500 (preferably C30 toC800, more preferably C35 to C400, most preferably C40 to C250)oligomers of α-olefins. These oligomers are dimers, trimers, tetramers,pentamers, etc. of C3 to C24 (preferably C5 to C18, more preferably C6to C14, even more preferably C8 to C12, most preferably C10) branched orlinear α-olefins, provided that C3 and C4 alpha-olefins are present at10 wt % or less. In another embodiment, the PAO comprises C3 to C24(preferably C5 to C18, more preferably C6 to C14, most preferably C8 toC12) linear alpha-olefins (LAOs), provided that C3 and C4 LAOs arepresent at 10 wt % or less. Suitable olefins include propylene,1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene,1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-pentadecene,1-hexadecene, and blends thereof. Oligomers of LAOs with only evencarbon numbers between 6 and 18 (inclusive) are particularly preferred.

In one embodiment, a single LAO is used to prepare the oligomers. Inthis case, a preferred embodiment involves the oligomerization of1-decene, and the PAO is a mixture of oligomers (including, for example,dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and higher) of 1-decene. Inanother embodiment, the PAO comprises oligomers of two or more C3 to C18 LAOs, to make ‘bipolymer’ or ‘terpolymer’ or higher-order copolymercombinations, provided that C3 and C4 LAOs are present at 10 wt % orless. In this case, a preferred embodiment involves the oligomerizationof a mixture of 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene, and the PAO is amixture of oligomers (for example, dimers, trimers, tetramers,pentamers, and higher) of 1-octene/1-decene/1-dodecene ‘terpolymer’.

In another embodiment, the PAO comprises oligomers of a singlealpha-olefin species having a carbon number of 5 to 24 (preferably 6 to18, more preferably 8 to 12, most preferably 10). In another embodiment,the NFP comprises oligomers of mixed alpha-olefins (i.e., involving twoor more alpha-olefin species), each alpha-olefin having a carbon numberof 3 to 24 (preferably 5 to 24, more preferably 6 to 18, most preferably8 to 12), provided that alpha-olefins having a carbon number of 3 or 4are present at 10 wt % or less. In a particularly preferred embodiment,the PAO comprises oligomers of mixed alpha-olefins (i.e., involving twoor more alpha-olefin species) where the weighted average carbon numberfor the alpha-olefin mixture is 6 to 14 (preferably 8 to 12, preferably9 to 11).

In another embodiment, the PAO comprises oligomers of one or morealpha-olefin with repeat unit formulas of—[CHR—CH₂]—

where R is a C3 to C18 saturated hydrocarbon branch. In a preferredembodiment, R is constant for all oligomers. In another embodiment,there is a range of R substituents covering carbon numbers from 3 to 18.Preferably, R is linear, i.e.,

R is (CH₂)nCH₃,

where n is 3 to 17, preferably 4 to 11, and preferably 5 to 9.Optionally, R can contain one methyl or ethyl branch, i.e.,

R is (CH₂)m[CH(CH₃)](CH₂)zCH₃ or R is (CH₂)x[CH(CH₂CH₃)](CH₂)yCH₃,

where (m+z) is 1 to 15, preferably 1 to 9, preferably 3 to 7, and (x+y)is 1 to 14, preferably 1 to 8, preferably 2 to 6. Preferably m>z; morepreferably m is 0 to 15, more preferably 2 to 15, more preferably 3 to12, more preferably 4 to 9; and n is 0 to 10, preferably 1 to 8,preferably 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4. Preferably x>y; more preferably xis 0 to 14, more preferably 1 to 14, more preferably 2 to 11, morepreferably 3 to 8; and y is 0 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, preferably 1 to6, preferably 1 to 4. Preferably, the repeat units are arranged in ahead-to-tail fashion with minimal heat-to-head connections.

The PAO can be atactic, isotactic, or syndiotactic. In one embodiment,the PAO has essentially the same population of meso and racemic dyads,on average, making it atactic. In another embodiment, the PAO has morethan 50% (preferably more than 60%, preferably more than 70%, preferablymore than 80%, preferably more than 90%) meso dyads (i.e., [m]) asmeasured by 13C-NMR. In another embodiment, the PAO has more than 50%(preferably more than 60%, preferably more than 70%, preferably morethan 80%, preferably more than 90%) racemic dyads (i.e., [r]) asmeasured by 13C-NMR. In one embodiment, [m]/[r] determined by 13C-NMR isbetween 0.9 and 1.1 in one embodiment, [m]/[r] is greater than 1 inanother embodiment, and [m]/[r] is less than 1 in yet anotherembodiment.

The PAO liquid can be comprised of one or more distinct PAO components.In one embodiment, the NFP is a blend of one or more PAOs with differentcompositions (e.g., different alpha-olefin(s) were used to make theoligomers) and/or different physical properties (e.g., kinematicviscosity, pour point, viscosity index, and/or glass transitiontemperature).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the PAO or blend of PAOs hasa number average molecular weight of from 100 to 20,000 g/mol(preferably 300 to 15,000 g/mol, preferably 400 to 10,000 g/mol,preferably 500 to 5,000 g/mol, preferably 600 to 3,000 g/mol, preferably600 to 1,500 g/mol).

In a preferred embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of 3 cSt or more (preferably 5 cSt or more,preferably 6 cSt or more, preferably 8 cSt or more, preferably 10 cSt ormore, preferably 20 cSt or more, preferably 30 cSt or more, preferably40 cSt or more, preferably 100 or more, preferably 150 cSt or more). Inanother embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has a kinematic viscosityat 100° C. of 300 cSt or less (preferably 100 cSt or less). In anotherembodiment, the PAO has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 3 to 3,000cSt (preferably 4 to 1,000 cSt, preferably 6 to 300 cSt, preferably 8 to150 cSt, preferably 8 to 100 cSt, preferably 8 to 40 cSt). In anotherembodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C. of 10 to 1000 cSt (preferably 10 to 300 cSt, preferably 10 to 100cSt). In yet another embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of about 4 to 8 cSt.

In another preferred embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has aViscosity Index of 120 or more (preferably 130 or more, preferably 140or more, preferably 150 or more, preferably 170 or more, preferably 190or more, preferably 200 or more, preferably 250 or more, preferably 300or more). In another embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has aviscosity Index of 120 to 350 (preferably 130 to 250).

In yet another preferred embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has a pourpoint of −10° C. or less (preferably −20° C. or less, preferably −25° C.or less, preferably −30° C. or less, preferably −35° C. or less,preferably −40° C. or less, preferably −50° C. or less). In anotherembodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has a pour point of −15 to −70° C.(preferably −25 to −60° C.).

In yet another preferred embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has aglass transition temperature (Tg) of −40° C. or less (preferably −50° C.or less, preferably −60° C. or less, preferably −70° C. or less,preferably −80° C. or less). In another embodiment, the PAO or blend ofPAOs has a Tg of −50 to −120° C. (preferably −60 to −100° C., preferably−70 to −90° C.).

In yet another preferred embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has aflash point of 200° C. or more (preferably 210° C. or more, preferably220° C. or more, preferably 230° C. or more), preferably between 240° C.and 290° C.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the PAO or blend of PAOs has aspecific gravity (15.6/15.6° C.) of 0.86 or less (preferably 0.855 orless, preferably 0.85 or less, preferably 0.84 or less).

Particularly preferred PAOs and blends of PAOs are those having A) aflash point of 200° C. or more (preferably 210° C. or more, preferably220° C. or more, preferably 230° C. or more); and B) a pour point lessthan −20° C. (preferably less than −25° C., preferably less than −30°C., preferably less than −35°, preferably less than −40° C.) and/or akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 10 cSt or more (preferably 35 cSt ormore, preferably 40 cSt or more, preferably 50 cSt or more).

Further preferred PAOs or blends of PAOs have a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of at least 3 cSt (preferably at least 6 cSt, more preferably atleast 8 cSt, most preferably at least 10 cSt, as measured by ASTM D445);a viscosity index of at least 120 (preferably at least 130, morepreferably at least 140, most preferably at least 150, as determined byASTM D2270); a pour point of −10° C. or less (preferably −20° C. orless, more preferably −30° C. or less, most preferably −40° C. or less,as determined by ASTM D97); and a specific gravity (15.6/15.6° C.) of0.86 or less (preferably 0.855 or less, more preferably 0.85 or less,most preferably 0.84 or less, as determined by ASTM D 4052).

Desirable PAOs are commercially available as SpectraSyn™ and SpectraSynUltra™ from ExxonMobil Chemical in Houston, Tex. (previously sold underthe SHF and SuperSyn™ tradenames by ExxonMobil Chemical Company), someof which are summarized in Table B. Other useful PAOs include those soldunder the tradenames Synfluid™ available from ChevronPhillips ChemicalCompany (Pasadena, Tex.), Durasyn™ available from Innovene (Chicago,Ill.), Nexbase™ available from Neste Oil (Keilaniemi, Finland), andSynton™ available from Chemtura Corporation (Middlebury, Conn.). ForPAOs, the percentage of carbons in chain-type paraffinic structures (CP)is close to 100% (typically greater than 98% or even 99%). TABLE BSpectraSyn ™ Series Polyalphaolefins KV @ KV @ Pour Point, SpecificFlash APHA 100° C., cSt 40° C., cSt VI ° C. gravity Point, ° C. ColorSpectraSyn 4 4 19 126 −66 0.820 220 10 SpectraSyn Plus 4 4 17 122 −600.820 228 10 SpectraSyn 6 6 31 138 −57 0.827 246 10 SpectraSyn Plus 6 630 140 −54 0.827 246 10 SpectraSyn 8 8 48 139 −48 0.833 260 10SpectraSyn 10 10 66 137 −48 0.835 266 10 SpectraSyn 40 39 396 147 −360.850 281 10 SpectraSyn 100 100 1240 170 −30 0.853 283 60 SpectraSynUltra 150 150 1,500 218 −33 0.850 >265 10 SpectraSyn Ultra 300 300 3,100241 −27 0.852 >265 20 SpectraSyn Ultra 1000 1,000 10,000 307 −180.855 >265 30

In some embodiments of the present invention, the PAO comprisesoligomers of C4 olefins (including n-butene, 2-butene, isobutylene, andbutadiene, and mixtures thereof) and up to 10 wt % of other olefins,having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 5 to 4000 cSt and a pourpoint of 10 to −60° C. Such a material is referred to as a “polybutenes”liquid when the oligomers comprise isobutylene and/or 1-butene and/or2-butene. It is commonly used as an additive for polyolefins; e.g. tointroduce tack or as a processing aid. The ratio of C4 olefin isomerscan vary by manufacturer and by grade, and the material can or can notbe hydrogenated after synthesis. In some cases, the polybutenes liquidis a polymer of a C4 raffinate stream. In other cases, it consistsessentially of polyisobutylene or poly(n-butene) oligomers. Typically,the polybutenes liquid has a number-average molecular weight of lessthan 15,000 g/mol, and commonly less than 5,000 g/mol or even less than1,000 g/mol. They are described in, for example, Synthetic Lubricantsand High-Performance Functional Fluids (Leslie R. Rudnick & Ronald L.Shubkin, ed., Marcel Dekker 1999), p. 357-392.

Desirable polybutenes liquids are commercially available from a varietyof sources including Innovene (Indopol grades) and Infineum (C-Seriesgrades). When the C4 olefin is exclusively isobutylene, the material isreferred to as “polyisobutylene” or PIB. Commercial sources of PIBinclude Texas Petrochemical (TPC Enhanced PIB grades). When the C4olefin is exclusively 1-butene, the material is referred to as“poly-n-butene” or PNB. Properties of some liquids made from C4olefin(s) are summarized in Table C. In general, grades with a flashpoint of 200° C. or more also have a pour point greater than −10° C.and/or a VI less than 120. TABLE C Commercial Examples of Oligomers ofC4 olefin(s) KV @ 100° C., Specific Flash Point, Grade cSt VI PourPoint, ° C. gravity ° C. TPC 137 (PIB) 6 132 −51 0.843 120 TPC 1105(PIB) 220 145 −6 0.893 200 TPC 1160 (PIB) 660 190 +3 0.903 230 InnoveneIndopol H-25 52  87 −23 0.869 ˜150 Innovene Indopol H-50 108  90 −130.884 ˜190 Innovene Indopol H-100 218 121 −7 0.893 ˜210 Infineum C994511  74* −34 0.854 170 Infineum C9907 78 103* −15 0.878 204 InfineumC9995 230 131* −7 0.888 212 Infineum C9913 630 174* +10 0.888 240*Estimated based on the kinematic viscosity at 100° C. and 38° C.

This invention also relates to plasticized polyolefin compositionscomprising one or more polyolefins, preferably polypropylene, and one ormore non-functionalized plasticizers where the non-functionalizedplasticizer comprises a polyalphaolefin comprising oligomers of C5 toC18 olefins (preferably C6 to C14, more preferably C8 to C12, morepreferably C10); having a kinematic viscosity of 5 cSt or more at 100°C. (preferably 8 cSt or more, preferably 10 cSt or more at 100° C.); aviscosity index of 120 or more (preferably 130 or more); and a pourpoint of −10° C. or less (preferably −20° C. or less, preferably −30° C.or less).

This invention also relates to plasticized polypropylene compositionscomprising polypropylene and one or more non-functionalized plasticizerswhere the non-functionalized plasticizer comprises oligomers of linearolefins having 5 to 18 carbon atoms (preferably 6 to 14 carbon atoms,more preferably 8 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 10 carbon atoms);a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 5 to 300 cSt (preferably 8 to 150cSt, preferably 10 to 100 cSt); a viscosity index of 120 or more (morepreferably 130 or more, more preferably 140 or more); and a pour pointof −20° C. or less (more preferably −30° C. or less, more preferably−40° C. or less).

High Purity Hydrocarbon Fluids

In another embodiment, the nonfunctionalized plasticizer (NFP) is a highpurity hydrocarbon fluid of lubricating viscosity comprising a mixtureof C20 to C120 paraffins, 50 wt % or more being isoparaffinichydrocarbons and less than 50 wt % being hydrocarbons that containnaphthenic and/or aromatic structures. Preferably, the mixture ofparaffins comprises a wax isomerate lubricant base stock or oil, whichincludes:

hydroisomerized natural and refined waxes, such as slack waxes, deoiledwaxes, normal alpha-olefin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, and waxystocks derived from gas oils, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, hydrocarbonraffinates, hydrocracked hydrocarbons, lubricating oils, mineral oils,polyalphaolefins, or other linear or branched hydrocarbon compounds withcarbon number of about 20 or more; and

hydroisomerized synthetic waxes, such as Fischer-Tropsch waxes (i.e.,the high boiling point residues of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, includingwaxy hydrocarbons);

or mixtures thereof. Most preferred are lubricant base stocks or oilsderived from hydrocarbons synthesized in a Fischer-Tropsch process aspart of an overall Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) process.

In one embodiment, the mixture of paraffins has a naphthenic content ofless than 40 wt %, preferably less than 30 wt %, preferably less than 20wt %, preferably less than 15 wt %, preferably less than 10 wt %,preferably less than 5 wt %, preferably less than 2 wt %, preferablyless than 1 wt % (based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon mixture);and/or a normal paraffins content of less than 5 wt %, preferably lessthan 4 wt %, preferably less than 3 wt %, preferably less than 1 wt %(based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon mixture); and/or anaromatic content of 1 wt % or less, preferably 0.5 wt % or less; and/ora saturates level of 90 wt % or higher, preferably 95 wt % or higher,preferably 98 wt % or higher, preferably 99 wt % or higher; and/or thepercentage of carbons in chain-type paraffinic structures (CP) of 80% ormore, preferably 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, preferably 98% ormore; and/or a branched paraffin:normal paraffin ratio greater thanabout 10:1, preferably greater than 20:1, preferably greater than 50:1,preferably greater than 100:1, preferably greater than 500:1, preferablygreater than 1000:1; and/or sidechains with 4 or more carbons making upless than 10% of all sidechains, preferably less than 5%, preferablyless than 1%; and/or sidechains with 1 or 2 carbons making up at least50% of all sidechains, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%,preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least95%, preferably at least 98%; and/or a sulfur content of 300 ppm orless, preferably 100 ppm or less, preferably 50 ppm or less, preferably10 ppm or less (where ppm is on a weight basis); and/or a nitrogencontent of 300 ppm or less, preferably 100 ppm or less, preferably 50ppm or less, preferably 10 ppm or less (where ppm is on a weight basis);and/or a number-average molecular weight of 300 to 1800 g/mol,preferably 400 to 1500 g/mol, preferably 500 to 1200 g/mol, preferably600 to 900 g/mol; and/or a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 10 cSt ormore, preferably 25 cSt or more, preferably between about 50 and 400cSt; and/or a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. ranging from 2 to 50 cSt,preferably 3 to 30 cSt, preferably 5 to 25 cSt, preferably 6 to 20 cSt,more preferably 8 to 16 cSt; and/or a viscosity index (VI) of 80 orgreater, preferably 100 or greater, preferably 120 or greater,preferably 130 or greater, preferably 140 or greater, preferably 150 orgreater, preferably 160 or greater, preferably 180 or greater; and/or apour point of −5° C. or lower, preferably −10° C. or lower, preferably−15° C. or lower, preferably −20° C. or lower, preferably −25° C. orlower, preferably −30° C. or lower; and/or a flash point of 200° C. ormore, preferably 220° C. or more, preferably 240° C. or more, preferably260° C. or more; and/or a specific gravity (15.6° C./15.6° C.) of 0.86or less, preferably 0.85 or less, preferably 0.84 or less; and/or ananiline point of 120° C. or more; and/or a bromine number of 1 or less.

In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of paraffins comprises a GTL basestock or oil. GTL base stocks and oils are fluids of lubricatingviscosity that are generally derived from waxy synthesized hydrocarbons,that are themselves derived via one or more synthesis, combination,transformation, and/or rearrangement processes from gaseouscarbon-containing compounds and hydrogen-containing compounds asfeedstocks, such as: hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water,methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne,butane, butylenes, and butynes. Preferably, the feedstock is “syngas”(synthesis gas, essentially CO and H2) derived from a suitable source,such as natural gas and/or coal. GTL base stocks and oils include waxisomerates, comprising, for example, hydroisomerized synthesized waxes,hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) waxes (including waxy hydrocarbonsand possible analogous oxygenates), or mixtures thereof. GTL base stocksand oils can further comprise other hydroisomerized base stocks and baseoils. Particularly preferred GTL base stocks or oils are thosecomprising mostly hydroisomerized F-T waxes and/or other liquidhydrocarbons obtained by a F-T synthesis process.

The synthesis of hydrocarbons, including waxy hydrocarbons, by F-T caninvolve any suitable process known in the art, including those involvinga slurry, a fixed-bed, or a fluidized-bed of catalyst particles in ahydrocarbon liquid. The catalyst can be an amorphous catalyst, forexample based on a Group VIII metal such as Fe, Ni, Co, Ru, and Re on asuitable inorganic support material, or a crystalline catalyst, forexample a zeolitic catalyst. The process of making a lubricant basestock or oil from a waxy stock is characterized as a hydrodewaxingprocess. A hydrotreating step, while typically not required for F-Twaxes, can be performed prior to hydrodewaxing if desired. Some F-Twaxes can benefit from removal of oxygenates while others can benefitfrom oxygenates treatment prior to hydrodewaxing. The hydrodewaxingprocess is typically conducted over a catalyst or combination ofcatalysts at high temperatures and pressures in the presence ofhydrogen. The catalyst can be an amorphous catalyst, for example basedon Co, Mo, W, etc. on a suitable oxide support material, or acrystalline catalyst, for example a zeolitic catalyst such as ZSM-23 andZSM-48 and others disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,350, often used inconjunction with a Group VIII metal such as Pd or Pt. This process canbe followed by a solvent and/or catalytic dewaxing step to lower thepour point of the hydroisomerate. Solvent dewaxing involves the physicalfractionation of waxy components from the hydroisomerate. Catalyticdewaxing converts a portion of the hydroisomerate to lower boilinghydrocarbons; it often involves a shape-selective molecular sieve, suchas a zeolite or silicoaluminophosphate material, in combination with acatalytic metal component, such as Pt, in a fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, orslurry type process at high temperatures and pressures in the presenceof hydrogen.

Useful catalysts, processes, and compositions for GTL base stocks andoils, Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon derived base stocks and oils, and waxisomerate hydroisomerized base stocks and oils are described in, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 2,817,693; 4,542,122; 5,545,674; 4,568,663;4,621,072; 4,663,305; 4,897,178; 4,900,407; 4,921,594; 4,923,588;4,937,399; 4,975,177; 5,059,299; 5,158,671; 5,182,248; 5,200,382;5,290,426; 5,516,740; 5,580,442; 5,885,438; 5,935,416; 5,935,417;5,965,475; 5,976,351; 5,977,425; 6,025,305; 6,080,301; 6,090,989;6,096,940; 6,103,099; 6,165,949; 6,190,532; 6,332,974; 6,375,830;6,383,366; 6,475,960; 6,620,312; and 6,676,827; European Patents EP324528, EP 532116, EP 532118, EP 537815, EP 583836, EP 666894, EP668342, EP 776959; WPO patent applications WO 97/31693, WO 99/20720, WO99/45085, WO 02/64710, WO 02/64711, WO 02/70627, WO 02/70629, WO03/33320; and British Patents 1,350,257; 1,390,359; 1,429,494; and1,440,230. Particularly favorable processes are described in EuropeanPatent Applications EP 464546 and EP 464547. Processes usingFischer-Tropsch wax feeds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,172;4,943,672; 6,046,940; 6,103,099; 6,332,974; 6,375,830; and 6,475,960.

Desirable GTL-derived fluids are expected to become broadly availablefrom several commercial sources, including Chevron, ConocoPhillips,ExxonMobil, Sasol, SasolChevron, Shell, Statoil, and Syntroleum.

This invention also relates to plasticized polyolefin compositionscomprising one or more polyolefins and one or more non-functionalizedplasticizers, where one or more NFP is a high purity hydrocarbon fluidderived from a GTL process comprising a mixture of paraffins of carbonnumber ranging from about C20 to C100, a molar ratio ofisoparaffins:n-paraffins greater than about 50:1, the percentage ofcarbons in paraffinic structures (CP) of 98% or more, a pour pointranging from about −20 to −60° C., and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C.ranging from about 6 to 20 cSt.

As used herein, the following terms have the indicated meanings:“naphthenic” describes cyclic (mono-ring and/or multi-ring) saturatedhydrocarbons (i.e., cycloparaffins) and branched cyclic saturatedhydrocarbons; “aromatic” describes cyclic (mono-ring and/or multi-ring)unsaturated hydrocarbons and branched cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons;“hydroisomerized” describes a catalytic process in which normalparaffins and/or slightly branched isoparaffins are converted byrearrangement into more branched isoparaffins (also known as“isodewaxing”); “wax” is a hydrocarbonaceous material existing as asolid at or near room temperature, with a melting point of 0° C. orabove, and consisting predominantly of paraffinic molecules, most ofwhich are normal paraffins; “slack wax” is the wax recovered frompetroleum oils such as by solvent dewaxing, and can be furtherhydrotreated to remove heteroatoms.

Group III Basestocks or Mineral Oils

In another embodiment, the NFP comprises a Group III hydrocarbon oil(also called a Group III lubricant basestock or Group III mineral oil).Preferably the NFP has a saturates levels of 90% or more (preferably 92%or more, preferably 94% or more, preferably 95% or more, preferably 98%or more); and a sulfur content less than 0.03% (preferably between 0.001and 0.01%); and a VI of 120 or more (preferably 130 or more). Preferablythe Group III hydrocarbon oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 3to 50, preferably 4 to 40 cSt, preferably 6 to 30 cSt, preferably 8 to20; and/or a number average molecular weight of 300 to 5,000 g/mol,preferably 400 to 2,000 g/mol, more preferably 500 to 1,000 g/mol.Preferably the Group III hydrocarbon oil has a pour point of −10° C. orless, a flash point of 200° C. or more, and a specific gravity (15.6°C./15.6° C.) of 0.86 or less.

Desirable Group III basestocks are commercially available from a numberof sources and include those described in Table D. The percentage ofcarbons in chain-type paraffinic structures (CP) in such liquids isgreater than 80%. TABLE D Commercially available Group III BasestocksFlash KV @ Pour Point, Specific Point, 100° C., cSt VI ° C. gravity ° C.UCBO 4R¹ 4.1 127 −18 0.826 216 UCBO 7R¹ 7.0 135 −18 0.839 250 Nexbase3043² 4.3 124 −18 0.831 224 Nexbase 3050² 5.1 126 −15 0.835 240 Nexbase3060² 6.0 128 −15 0.838 240 Nexbase 3080² 8.0 128 −15 0.843 260 YubaseYU-4³ 4.2 122 −15 0.843 230 Yubase YU-6³ 6.5 131 −15 0.842 240 YubaseYU-8³ 7.6 128 −12 0.850 260 Ultra-S 4⁴ 4.3 123 −20 0.836 220 Ultra-S 6⁴5.6 128 −20 0.839 234 Ultra-S 8⁴ 7.2 127 −15 0.847 256 VHVI 4⁵ 4.6 128−21 0.826 VHVI 8⁵ 8.0 127 −12 0.850 248 Visom 4⁶ 4.0 210 Visom 6⁶ 6.6148 −18 0.836 250i) Available from ChevronTexaco (USA).ii) Available from Neste Oil (Finland).iii) Available from SK Corp (South Korea).iv) Available from ConocoPhillips (USA)/S-Oil (South Korea).v) Available from PetroCanada (Canada).vi) Available from ExxonMobil (USA).General Characteristics of Useful NFPs

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a kinematic viscosity at 100° C.(KV100) of 4 cSt or more, preferably 5 cSt or more, preferably 6 to 5000cSt, preferably 8 to 3000 cSt, preferably 10 to 1000 cSt, preferably 12to 500 cSt, preferably 15 to 350 cSt, preferably 35 to 300 cSt,preferably 40 to 200 cSt, preferably 8 to 300 cSt, preferably 6 to 150cSt, preferably 10 to 100 cSt, preferably less than 50 cSt, wherein adesirable range can be any combination of any lower KV100 limit with anyupper KV100 limit described herein. In other embodiments, the NFP has akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of less than 2 cSt.

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a pour point of −10° C. or less,preferably −20° C. or less, preferably −30° C. or less, preferably −40°C. or less, preferably −45° C. or less, preferably −50° C. or less,preferably −10 to −100° C., preferably −15 to −80° C., preferably −15 to−75° C., preferably −20 to −70° C., preferably −25 to −65° C.,preferably greater than −120° C., wherein a desirable range can be anycombination of any lower pour point limit with any upper pour pointlimit described herein. In another embodiment, the NFP has a pour pointof less than −30° C. when the kinematic viscosity at 40° C. is from 0.5to 200 cSt. Most mineral oils, which typically include aromatic moietiesand other functional groups, have a pour point of from 10 to −20° C. inthe same kinematic viscosity range.

In a preferred embodiment, the NFP has a glass transition temperature(Tg) of −40° C. or less (preferably −50° C. or less, preferably −60° C.or less, preferably −70° C. or less, preferably −80° C. or less,preferably −45 to −120° C., preferably −65 to −90° C., wherein adesirable range can be any combination of any lower Tg limit with anyupper Tg limit described herein.

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a Viscosity Index (VI) of 90 ormore, preferably 100 or more, preferably 110 or more, preferably 120 ormore, preferably 130 or more, preferably 115 to 350, preferably 135 to300, preferably 140 to 250, preferably 150 to 200, preferably 125 to180, wherein a desirable range can be any combination of any lower VIlimit with any upper VI limit described herein.

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a flash point of 200° C. orgreater, preferably 210° or greater, preferably 230° C. or greater,preferably 200 to 350° C., preferably 210 to 300° C., preferably 215 to290° C., preferably 220 to 280° C., preferably 240 to 280° C., wherein adesirable range can be any combination of any lower flash point limitwith any upper flash point limit described herein.

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a specific gravity of 0.86 orless, preferably 0.855 or less, preferably 0.84 or less, preferably 0.78to 0.86, preferably 0.79 to 0.855, preferably 0.80 to 0.85, preferably0.81 to 0.845, preferably 0.82 to 0.84, wherein a desirable range can beany combination of any lower specific gravity limit with any upperspecific gravity limit described herein.

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a number-average molecular weight(Mn) of 250 g/mol or more, preferably 300 g/mol or more, preferably 500g/mol or more, preferably 300 to 21,000 g/mol, preferably 300 to 10,000g/mol, preferably 400 to 5,000 g/mol, preferably 500 to 3,000 g/mol,preferably 10 kg/mol or less, preferably 5 kg/mol or less, preferably 3kg/mol or less, preferably 2 kg/mol or less, preferably 1 kg/mol orless, wherein a desirable range can be any combination of any lower Mnlimit with any upper Mn limit described herein.

In preferred embodiments, the NFP has a low degree of color, such astypically identified as “water white”, “prime white”, “standard white”,or “bright and clear,” preferably an APHA color of 100 or less,preferably 80 or less, preferably 60 or less, preferably 40 or less,preferably 20 or less, as determined by ASTM D1209.

In other embodiments, any NFP can have an initial boiling point (ASTMD1160) of from 300 to 600° C. in one embodiment, and from 350 to 500° C.in another embodiment, and greater than 400° C. in yet anotherembodiment.

Any of the NFP's for use in the present invention can be described byany embodiment described herein, or any combination of the embodimentsdescribed herein. For example, in one embodiment, the NFP is a C6 toC200 paraffin having a pour point of less than −25° C. Alternately, theNFP comprises an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a kinematic viscosity offrom 0.1 to 1000 cSt at 100° C. Alternately, the NFP is selected fromisoparaffins and PAOs and blends thereof having from 8 to 25 carbonatoms.

In another embodiment, the NFP of the present invention comprises C25 toC1500 paraffins, and C30 to C500 paraffins in another embodiment, andhas a flash point of 200° C. or more and a pour point of −10° C. or lessand a viscosity index of 120 or more. Alternately the NFP comprises C25to C1500 paraffins, preferably C30 to C500 paraffins, and has a flashpoint of 200° C. or more and a pour point of −20° C. or less.Alternately the NFP comprises C25 to C1500 paraffins, preferably C30 toC500 paraffins, and has a flash point of 200° C. or more and a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of 35 cSt or more. In another embodiment, the NFPconsists essentially of C35 to C300 paraffins, preferably the NFPconsists essentially of C40 to C250 paraffins, and has a flash point of200° C. or more and a pour point of −10° C. or less and a viscosityindex of 120 or more. Alternately the NFP consists essentially of C35 toC300 paraffins, preferably C40 to C250 paraffins, and has a flash pointof 200° C. or more and a pour point of −20° C. or less. Alternately theNFP consists essentially of C35 to C300 paraffins, preferably C40 toC250 paraffins, and has a flash point of 200° C. or more and a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of 35 cSt or more. Alternately the NFP has a flashpoint of 200° C. or more and a pour point of −20° C. or less.Alternately the NFP has a flash point of 200° C. or more and a kinematicviscosity at 100° C. of 35 cSt or more.

In a preferred embodiment, any NFP described herein has a flash point of200° C. or more (preferably 210° C. or more) and a pour point of −20° C.or less (preferably −25° C. or less, more preferably −30° C. or less,more preferably −35° C. or less, more preferably −45° C. or less, morepreferably −50° C. or less).

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a flash point of 220° C. ormore (preferably 230° C. or more) and a pour point of −10° C. or less(preferably −25° C. or less, more preferably −30° C. or less, morepreferably −35° C. or less, more preferably −45° C. or less, morepreferably −50° C. or less).

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of 35 cSt or more (preferably 40 cSt or more, preferably 50 cStor more, preferably 60 cSt or more) and a specific gravity (15.6/15.6°C.) of 0.87 or less (preferably 0.865 or less, preferably 0.86 or less,preferably 0.855 or less) and a flash point of 200° C. or more(preferably 230° C. or more).

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a) a flash point of 200° C.or more, b) a specific gravity of 0.86 or less, and c1) a pour point of−10° C. or less and a viscosity index of 120 or more, or c2) a pourpoint of −20° C. or less, or c3) a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 35cSt or more.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a specific gravity(15.6/15.6° C.) of 0.85 or less (preferably between 0.80 and 0.85) and akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 3 cSt or more (preferably 4 or more,preferably 5 cSt or more, preferably 8 cSt or more, preferably 10 cSt ormore, preferably 15 cSt or more, preferably 20 cSt or more) and/or anumber-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 280 g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a specific gravity(15.6/15.6° C.) of 0.86 or less (preferably between 0.81 and 0.855,preferably between 0.82 and 0.85) and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C.of 5 cSt or more (preferably 6 or more, preferably 8 cSt or more,preferably 10 cSt or more, preferably 12 cSt or more, preferably 15 cStor more, preferably 20 cSt or more) and/or a number-average molecularweight (Mn) of at least 420 g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a specific gravity(15.6/15.6° C.) of 0.87 or less (preferably between 0.82 and 0.87) and akinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 10 cSt or more (preferably 12 cSt ormore, preferably 14 cSt or more, preferably 16 cSt or more, preferably20 cSt or more, preferably 30 cSt or more, preferably 40 cSt or more)and/or a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 700 g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a specific gravity(15.6/15.6° C.) of 0.88 or less (preferably 0.87 or less, preferablybetween 0.82 and 0.87) and a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 15 cSt ormore (preferably 20 cSt or more, preferably 25 cSt or more, preferably30 cSt or more, preferably 40 cSt or more) and/or a number-averagemolecular weight (Mn) of at least 840 g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment the NFP has a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of 3 to 3000 cSt, preferably 6 to 300 cSt, more preferably 8 to100 cSt; and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 300 to 21,000g/mol, preferably 500 to 5,000 g/mol, more preferably 600 to 3,000g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment the NFP has a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of 3 to 500 cSt, preferably 6 to 200 cSt, more preferably 8 to100 cSt, more preferably 3 to 25 cSt; and a number average molecularweight (Mn) of 300 to 10,000 g/mol, preferably 400 to 5,000 g/mol, morepreferably 500 to 2,500 g/mol, more preferably 300 to 1,200 g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment the NFP has a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of 3 to 100 cSt, preferably 4 to 50 cSt, more preferably 6 to 25cSt, more preferably 3 to 15 cSt; and a number average molecular weight(Mn) of 300 to 3,000 g/mol, preferably 350 to 2,000 g/mol, morepreferably 400 to 1,000 g/mol, more preferably 300 to 800 g/mol.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a pour point of −25° C. orless, preferably between −30° C. and −90° C., and a kinematic viscosityin the range of from 20 to 5000 cSt at 40° C. In another preferredembodiment, the NFP has a pour point of −25° C. or less and a Mn of 400g/mol or greater. Most mineral oils, which typically include functionalgroups, have a pour point of from 10° C. to −25° C. at the sameviscosity and molecular weight ranges.

In another preferred embodiment the NFP has kinematic viscosity at 100°C. of 3 cSt or greater, preferably 6 cSt or greater, more preferably 8cSt or greater, and one or more of the following properties:

a pour point of −10° C. or less, preferably −20° C. or less, preferably−30° C. or less, preferably −40° C. or less; and/or, a Viscosity Indexof 120 or greater; and/or, a low degree of color, such as typicallyidentified as “water white”, “prime white”, “standard white”, or “brightand clear,” preferably an APHA color of 100 or less, preferably 80 orless, preferably 60 or less, preferably 40 or less, preferably 20 orless, preferably 15 or less as determined by ASTM D1209; and/or a flashpoint of 200° C. or more, preferably 220° C. or more, preferably 240° C.or more; and/or a specific gravity (15.6° C.) of less than 0.86.

Most mineral oils at the same viscosity range have a pour point greaterthan −20° C. or an APHA color of greater than 20 or a specific gravity(15.6° C.) of 0.86 or more.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a Viscosity Index of 120 ormore and one or more of the following properties: a pour point of −10°C. or less, preferably −20° C. or less, preferably −30° C. or less,preferably −40° C. or less; and/or, a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of3 cSt or greater, preferably 6 cSt or greater, preferably 8 cSt orgreater, preferably 10 cSt or greater; and/or, a low degree of color,such as typically identified as “water white”, “prime white”, “standardwhite”, or “bright and clear,” preferably an APHA color of 100 or less,preferably 80 or less, preferably 60 or less, preferably 40 or less,preferably 20 or less, preferably 15 or less, as determined by ASTMD1209; and/or a flash point of 200° C. or more, preferably 220° C. ormore, preferably 240° C. or more; and/or a specific gravity (15.6° C.)of less than 0.86.

Most mineral oils have a Viscosity Index of less than 120.

In another preferred embodiment, the NFP has a pour point of −20° C. orless, preferably −30° C. or less, and one or more of the followingproperties: a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 3 cSt or greater,preferably 6 cSt or greater, preferably 8 cSt or greater, preferably 10cSt or more; and/or, a Viscosity Index of 120 or greater, preferably 130or greater; and/or, a low degree of color, such as typically identifiedas “water white”, “prime white”, “standard white”, or “bright andclear,” preferably APHA color of 100 or less, preferably 80 or less,preferably 60 or less, preferably 40 or less, preferably 20 or less,preferably 15 or less as determined by ASTM D 1209; a flash point of200° C. or more, preferably 220° C. or more, preferably 240° C. or more;and/or a specific gravity (15.6° C.) of less than 0.86.

Most mineral oils have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of less than 6cSt, or an APHA color of greater than 20, or a flash point less than200° C. when their pour point is less than −20° C.

In another preferred embodiment the NFP has a glass transitiontemperature (Tg) that cannot be determined by ASTM E 1356 or, if it canbe determined, then the Tg according to ASTM E 1356 is less than 0° C.,preferably less than −10° C., more preferably less than −20° C., morepreferably less than −30° C., more preferably less than −40° C., and,preferably, also has one or more of the following properties: an initialboiling point as determined by ASTM D 1160 greater than 300° C.,preferably greater than 350° C., preferably greater than 400° C.; and/ora pour point of −10° C. or less, preferably −15° C. or less, preferably−25° C. or less, preferably −35° C. or less, preferably −45° C. or less;and/or a specific gravity (ASTM D 4052, 15.6/15.6 oC) of less than 0.88,preferably less than 0.86, preferably less than 0.84, preferably from0.80 to 0.88, preferably from 0.82 to 0.86; and/or a final boiling pointas determined by ASTM Dl 160 of from 300 oC to 800 oC, preferably from400 oC to 700 oC, preferably greater than 500 oC; and/or a weightaverage molecular weight (Mw) between 30,000 and 400 g/mol preferablybetween 15,000 and 500 g/mol, more preferably between 5,000 and 600g/mol; and/or a number average molecular weight (Mn) between 10,000 and400 g/mol, preferably between 5,000 and 500 g/mol, more preferablybetween 2,000 and 600 g/mol; and/or a flash point as measured by ASTM D92 of 200° C. or greater; and/or a specific gravity (15.6° C.) of lessthan 0.86.

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the NFP has a specificgravity of 0.86 or less (preferably 0.855 or less, preferably 0.85 orless), and one or more of the following: a VI of 120 or more (preferably135 or more, preferably 140 or more), and/or a flash point of 200° C. ormore (preferably 220° C. or more, preferably 240° C. or more).

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the NFP has a pour pointof −10° C. or less (preferably −15° C. or less, preferably −20° C. orless, preferably −25° C. or less), a VI of 120 or more (preferably 135or more, preferably 140 or more), and optionally a flash point of 200°C. or more (preferably 220° C. or more, preferably 240° C. or more).

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the NFP has a pour pointof−20° C. or less (preferably −25° C. or less, preferably −30° C. orless, preferably −40° C. or less) and one or more of the following: aflash point of 200° C. or more (preferably 220° C. or more, preferably240° C. or more), and/or a VI of 120 or more (preferably 135 or more,preferably 140 or more), and/or a KV100 of 4 cSt or more (preferably 6cSt or more, preferably 8 cSt or more, preferably 10 cSt or more),and/or a specific gravity of 0.86 or less (preferably 0.855 or less,preferably 0.85 or less).

In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the NFP has a KV100 of 4cSt or more (preferably 5 cSt or more, preferably 6 cSt or more,preferably 8 cSt or more, preferably 10 cSt or more), a specific gravityof 0.86 or less (preferably 0.855 or less, preferably 0.85 cSt or less),and a flash point of 200° C. or more (preferably 220° C. or more,preferably 240° C. or more).

In a preferred embodiment, the NFP has a flash point of 200° C. or more(preferably 220° C. or more, preferably 240° C. or more), a pour pointof −10° C. or less (preferably −15° C. or less, preferably −20° C. orless, preferably −25° C. or less), a specific gravity of 0.86 or less(preferably 0.855 or less, preferably 0.85 or less), a KV100 of 4 cSt ormore (preferably 5 cSt or more, preferably 6 cSt or more, preferably 8cSt or more, preferably 10 cSt or more), and optionally a VI of 100 ormore (preferably 120 or more, preferably 135 or more).

In a preferred embodiment, the NFP has a KV100 of 35 cSt or more(preferably 40 or more) and a specific gravity of 0.86 or less(preferably 0.855 or less), and optionally one or more of the following:a flash point of 200° C. or more (preferably 220° C. or more, preferably240° C. or more), and/or a pour point of −10° C. or less (preferably−15° C. or less, preferably −20° C. or less, preferably −25° C. orless).

In a preferred embodiment, the NFP has a flash point of 200° C. or more(preferably 210° C. or more, preferably 220° C. or more), a pour pointof −10° C. or less (preferably −20° C. or less, preferably −30° C. orless), and a KV100 of 6 cSt or more (preferably 8 cSt or more,preferably 10 cSt or more, preferably 15 cSt or more).

In a preferred embodiment, the NFP has a pour point of −40° C. or less(preferably −50° C. or less) and a specific gravity of 0.84 or less(preferably 0.83 or less).

In a preferred embodiment, the percentage of carbons in chain-typeparaffins (CP) for any NFP is at least 80% (preferably at least 85%,more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, evenmore preferably at least 98%, most preferably at least 99%).

Preferred compositions of the present invention can be characterized inthat the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composition decreasesby at least 1° C. (preferably at least 2° C., preferably at least 3° C.,preferably at least 4° C., preferably at least 5° C., preferably atleast 6° C., preferably at least 7° C., preferably at least 8° C.,preferably at least 9° C., preferably at least 10° C.) for every 1 wt %of NFP present in the composition, while the peak melting andcrystallization temperatures of the polyolefin remain within 5° C.(preferably within 4° C., preferably within 3° C., preferably within 2°C.) of their values for the unplasticized polyolefin.

Preferred compositions of the present invention can be characterized inthat the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plasticizedcomposition is at least 2° C. (preferably at least 4° C., preferably atleast 6° C., preferably at least 8° C., preferably at least 10° C.,preferably at least 12° C., preferably at least 15° C., preferably atleast 20° C., preferably at least 25° C., preferably at least 30° C.)lower than that of the unplasticized polyolefin, while the peak meltingand crystallization temperatures of the polyolefin remain within 5° C.(preferably within 4° C., preferably within 3° C., preferably within 2°C.) of their values for the unplasticized polyolefin.

Preferred compositions of the present invention can be characterized inthat the glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least one propylenepolymer in the composition decreases by at least 1° C. (preferably atleast 2° C., preferably at least 3° C., preferably at least 4° C.,preferably at least 5° C., preferably at least 6° C., preferably atleast 7° C., preferably at least 8° C., preferably at least 9° C.,preferably at least 10° C.) for every 1 wt % of NFP present in thecomposition, while the peak melting and crystallization temperatures ofthe polyolefin remain within 5° C. (preferably within 4° C., preferablywithin 3° C., preferably within 2° C.) of their values for theunplasticized polyolefin.

Preferred compositions of the present invention can be characterized inthat the glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least one propylenepolymer in the plasticized composition is at least 2° C. (preferably atleast 4° C., preferably at least 6° C., preferably at least 8° C.,preferably at least 10° C., preferably at least 12° C., preferably atleast 15° C., preferably at least 20° C., preferably at least 25° C.,preferably at least 30° C.) lower than that of the unplasticizedpolyolefin, while the peak melting and crystallization temperatures ofthe polyolefin remain within 5° C. (preferably within 4° C., preferablywithin 3° C., preferably within 2° C.) of their values for theunplasticized polyolefin.

Preferred compositions of the present invention can be characterized inthat the plasticized composition decreases less than 3% (preferably lessthan 2%, preferably less than 1%) in weight when permanence of the NFPis determined by ASTM D1203 (0.25 mm thick sheet, 300 hours in dry 70°C. oven). Weight loss here refers to the reduction in weight in excessof that measured for the unplasticized composition under the same testconditions.

Preferred NFP's of this invention are characterized in that, whenblended with the polyolefin to form a plasticized composition, the NFPis miscible with the polyolefin as indicated by no change in the numberof tan-delta peaks in the Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)trace as compared to the unplasticized polyolefin DMTA trace (the“trace” is the plot of tan-delta vs temperature). Lack of miscibility isindicated by an increase in the number of tan-delta peaks in DMTA traceover those in the unplasticized polyolefin.

For purpose of this invention and the claims thereto, unless otherwisenoted, the following tests shown in Tables E-G should be used for theindicated property: TABLE E Polyolefin Characterization Test MethodsMelt Index (MI) ASTM D 1238 (190° C./2.16 kg) Melt Flow Rate (MFR) ASTMD 1238 (230° C./2.16 kg) Density ASTM D 1505 Glass TransitionTemperature (T_(g)) DMTA (see Experimental Methods) Melting Point(T_(m)) DSC (see Experimental Methods) Crystallization Point (T_(c)) DSC(see Experimental Methods) Heat of Fusion (H_(f)) DSC (see ExperimentalMethods) % Crystallinity DSC (see Experimental Methods) M_(n) and M_(w)SEC-3D (see Experimental Methods) Branching Index (g′) SEC-3D (seeExperimental Methods) Intrinsic Viscosity ASTM D 1601 (135° C. indecalin)

TABLE F Mechanical Property Test Methods Tensile Properties ASTM D 638Heat Deflection Temperature ASTM D 648 (66 psi) Vicat SofteningTemperature ASTM D 1525 (200 g) Gardner Impact Strength ASTM D 5420 IzodImpact Strength ASTM D 256 (A) 1% Secant Flexural Modulus ASTM D 790 (A)Rockwell Hardness ASTM D 785 (R scale)

TABLE G Physical Property Test Methods Kinematic Viscosity (KV) ASTM D445 Viscosity Index (VI) ASTM D 2270 Pour Point ASTM D 97 SpecificGravity and Density ASTM D 4052 (15.6/15.6° C.) Flash Point ASTM D 92 MnGC (if KV100 of 10 cSt or less) or GPC (if KV100 is more than 10 cSt)(see Experimental Methods) Glass Transition Temperature ASTM 1356 (Tg)Branch Paraffin: N-paraffin ratio 13C-NMR (see Experimental Methods) Wt% mono-methyl species 13C-NMR (see Experimental Methods) % side chainswith X number 13C-NMR (see Experimental Methods) of carbonsBoiling/Distillation Range ASTM D 1160 Carbon Type Composition ASTM D2140 (see Experimental (CA, CN,CP) Methods) Saturates Content ASTM D2007 Sulfur Content ASTM D 2622 Nitrogen Content ASTM D 4629 BromineNumber ASTM D 1159 (or ASTM D 2710 if so directed by ASTM D 1159)Aniline Point ASTM D 611 Color ASTM D 1209 (APHA Color)Selectively Hydrogenated Block Copolymers

The selectively hydrogenated block copolymers according to the presentinvention can be characterized as having: (i) terminal polymeric blocksof a vinyl aromatic monomer; and (ii) a central polymeric block whichcan be obtained by preparing the block copolymer using an olefin,preferably a conjugated diolefin, and subsequently selectivelyhydrogenating said central polymeric block.

In a preferred embodiment the end-blocks of these copolymers are polymerblocks of styrene. Other vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons, includingalphamethyl styrene, various alkyl-substituted styrenes,alkoxy-substituted styrenes, vinyl naphthalene, vinyl toluene and thelike, can be substituted for styrene.

The midblock is at least one olefin, preferably a conjugated diolefinwhich is subsequently hydrogenated. By “subsequently hydrogenated” ismeant that the conjugated diolefin midblock is selectively hydrogenatedafter incorporation into the polymer. Suitable hydrogenated blockcopolymers can be prepared by techniques per se well-known in the art,such as those described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,731,and references incorporated therein. A particularly preferred midblockcomprises, consists essentially of, or consists of ethylene/butene-1copolymer or ethylene/propylene copolymer.

In addition to selectively hydrogenated SEBS, other block copolymerswhich can be selectively hydrogenated to provide useful componentsinclude SIS (styrene-isoprene-styrene), SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene),and star-branched SIS and SBS compounds, all of which are per sewell-known in the art.

In an embodiment, block copolymers which can be hydrogenated to form thehydrogenated block copolymers useful as midblocks in the polymericcomposition of this invention will have the following general formula:Bx−(A−B)y −Az, where A is a poly(monoalkenyl) block and B is apoly(conjugated diene) block; x and z are, independently, integers equalto 0 or 1; y is a whole number from 1 to about 25; provided, however,that z+y≧2.

In general, while not critical to the characterization, each polymericblock A can have the same or a different weight average molecular weightwithin the range from about 4,000 to about 50,000 and each polymericblock B can have the same or a different weight average molecular weightwithin the range from about 10,000 to about 200,000. In a preferredembodiment, each polymeric block A will have approximately the sameweight average molecular weight within the range from about 5,000 toabout 10,000 and each polymeric block B will have approximately the sameweight average molecular weight within the range from about 25,000 toabout 100,000.

In general, the block copolymers useful in the present invention can behydrogenated using any of the methods known in the prior art to besuitable for such hydrogenation. In an embodiment, the conditions usedto hydrogenate the block copolymers useful in this invention can beselected to insure that at least 50%, preferably at least 80% and mostpreferably at least 95% of the ethylenic unsaturation remaining in theconjugated diolefin polymer blocks after preparation is saturated as aresult of the hydrogenation. The hydrogenation conditions will also beselected so as to insure that less than 20%, preferably less than 10%and most preferably less than 5% of the aromatic unsaturation in themonoalkenyl aromatic hydrocarbon polymer blocks is hydrogenated.Suitable hydrogenation methods are well-known in the art, such asdiscussed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,731 (as well asnumerous other references such as Statutory Invention Registration USH1956 H), and the aforementioned conditions can be selected by one ofordinary skill in the art in possession of this disclosure.

Specific examples of selectively hydrogenated block copolymers useful inthe present invention include the KRATON® G polymers commerciallyavailable from Shell.

Polypropylene

The polypropylene component of the blend is selected from polypropylenehomopolymer, polypropylene copolymers, and blends thereof. Thehomopolymer can be atactic polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene,syndiotactic polypropylene and blends thereof. The copolymer can be arandom copolymer, a statistical copolymer, a block copolymer, and blendsthereof. In a preferred embodiment the polypropylene is at least oneatactic homopolymer or copolymer of propylene.

As used herein, the term “polypropylene” means a polymer made of atleast 50% propylene units, preferably at least 70% propylene units, morepreferably at least 80% propylene units, even more preferably at least90% propylene units, even more preferably at least 95% propylene unitsor 100% propylene units.

The method of making the polypropylene is not critical, as it can bemade by slurry, solution, gas phase or other suitable processes, and byusing catalyst systems appropriate for the polymerization ofpolyolefins, such as Ziegler-Natta-type catalysts, metallocene-typecatalysts, other appropriate catalyst systems or combinations thereof.

In a preferred embodiment the propylene is a homopolymer or copolymermade using Zeigler Natta catalysts. In another embodiment the propylenepolymers are made using metallocene catalysts. Such catalysts are wellknown in the art, and are described in, for example, ZIEGLER CATALYSTS(Gerhard Fink, Rolf Mülhaupt and Hans H. Brintzinger, eds.,Springer-Verlag 1995); Resconi et al., Selectivity in PropenePolymerization with Metallocene Catalysts, 100 CHEM. REV. 1253-1345(2000); and I, II METALLOCENE-BASED POLYOLEFINS (Wiley & Sons 2000).

It will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that otherpreferred embodiments include combinations of embodiments specifiedherein, e.g., for the polypropylene, a preferred embodiment includes anatactic propylene homopolymer made using a Zeigler Natta catalyst.

Preferred propylene homopolymers and copolymers useful in this inventiontypically can also be described by one or more of the followingcharacteristics: (a) an Mw of 30,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol preferably50,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably 90,000 to 500,000, as measured byGPC as described below in the test methods; (b) an Mw/Mn of 1 to 40,preferably 1.6 to 20, more preferably 1.8 to 10, more preferably 1.8 to3 as measured by GPC as described below in the test methods; (c) a Tm(second melt) of 30 to 200° C., preferably 30 to 185° C., preferably 50to 175, more preferably 60 to 170 as measured by the DSC methoddescribed below in the test methods; (d) a crystallinity of 5 to 80%,preferably 10 to 70, more preferably 20 to 60% as measured by the DSCmethod described below in the test methods; (e) a glass transitiontemperature (Tg) of −40° C. to 20° C., preferably −20° C. to 10° C.,more preferably −10° C. to 5° C. as measured by the DMTA methoddescribed below in the test methods; (f) a heat of fusion (Hf) of 180J/g or less, preferably 20 to 150 J/g, more preferably 40 to 120 J/g asmeasured by the DSC method described below in the test methods; (g) acrystallization temperature (Tc) of 15 to 120° C., preferably 20 to 115°C., more preferably 25 to 110° C., preferably 60 to 145° C., as measuredby the method described below in the test methods; (h) a heat deflectiontemperature of 45 to 140° C., preferably 60 to 135° C., more preferably75 to 125° C. as measured by the method described below in the testmethods; (i) a Rockwell hardness (R scale) of 25 or more, preferably 40or more, preferably 60 or more, preferably 80 or more, preferably 100 ormore, preferably from 25 to 125; (j) a percent crystallinity of at least30%, preferably at least 40%, alternatively at least 50%, as measured bythe method described below in the test methods; (k) a percent amorphouscontent of at least 50%, alternatively at least 60%, alternatively atleast 70%, even alternatively between 50 and 95%, or 70% or less,preferably 60% or less, preferably 50% or less as determined bysubtracting the percent crystallinity from 100; and (l) a branchingindex (g′) of 0.2 to 2.0, preferably 0.5 to 1.5, preferably 0.7 to 1.1,as measured by the method described below.

In an embodiment, the polypropylene is a propylene homopolymer. In onepreferred embodiment the propylene homopolymer has a molecular weightdistribution (Mw/Mn) of up to 40, preferably ranging from 1.5 to 10, andfrom 1.8 to 7 in another embodiment, and from 1.9 to 5 in yet anotherembodiment, and from 2.0 to 4 in yet another embodiment. In anotherembodiment the propylene homopolymer has a Gardner impact strength,tested on 0.125 inch disk at 23° C., that can range from 20 in-lb to1000 in-lb in one embodiment, and from 30 in-lb to 500 in-lb in anotherembodiment, and from 40 in-lb to 400 in-lb in yet another embodiment. Inyet another embodiment, the 1% secant flexural modulus can range from100 MPa to 2300 MPa, and from 200 MPa to 2100 MPa in another embodiment,and from 300 MPa to 2000 MPa in yet another embodiment, wherein adesirable polypropylene can exhibit any combination of any upperflexural modulus limit with any lower flexural modulus limit. The meltflow rate (MFR) (ASTM D 1238, 230° C., 2.16 kg) of preferred propylenepolymers range from 0.1 dg/min to 2500 dg/min in one embodiment, andfrom 0.3 to 500 dg/min in another embodiment.

In an embodiment, the polypropylene homopolymer or propylene copolymeruseful in the present invention has some level of isotacticity. Thus, inone embodiment, a polypropylene comprising isotactic polypropylene is auseful polymer in the invention of this patent, and similarly, highlyisotactic polypropylene is useful in another embodiment. As used herein,“isotactic” is defined as having at least 10% isotactic pentadsaccording to analysis by ¹³C-NMR as described in the test methods below.As used herein, “highly isotactic” is defined as having at least 60%isotactic pentads according to analysis by ¹³C-NMR. In a desirableembodiment, the polypropylene is a polypropylene homopolymer having atleast 85% isotacticity, and at least 90% isotacticity in yet anotherembodiment.

In another embodiment, the polypropylene comprises a polypropylenehomopolymer having at least 85% syndiotacticity, and at least 90%syndiotacticity in yet another embodiment. As used herein,“syndiotactic” is defined as having at least 10% syndiotactic pentadsaccording to analysis by ¹³C-NMR as described in the test methods below.As used herein, “highly syndiotactic” is defined as having at least 60%syndiotactic pentads according to analysis by ¹³C-NMR.

In another embodiment the polypropylene comprises a propylenehomopolymer that is isotactic, highly isotactic, syndiotactic, highlysyndiotactic, atactic, or mixtures thereof Atactic polypropylene isdefined to be less than 10% isotactic or syndiotactic pentads. Preferredatactic polypropylenes typically have an Mw of 20,000 up to 1,000,000.

Preferred propylene polymers that are useful in this invention includethose sold under the tradenames ACHIEVE™ and ESCORENE™ by ExxonMobilChemical Company in Houston, Tex.

In another embodiment of the invention, the polypropylene is a propylenecopolymer, either random, or block, of propylene derived units and unitsselected from ethylene and C₄ to C₂₀ α-olefin derived units, typicallyfrom ethylene and C₄ to C₁₀ α-olefin derived units in anotherembodiment. The ethylene or C₄ to C₂₀ α-olefin derived units are presentfrom 0.1 wt % to 50 wt % of the copolymer in one embodiment, and from0.5 to 30 wt % in another embodiment, and from 1 to 15 wt % in yetanother embodiment, and from 0.1 to 5 wt % in yet another embodiment,wherein a desirable copolymer comprises ethylene and C₄ to C₂₀ α-olefinderived units in any combination of any upper wt % limit with any lowerwt % limit described herein. The propylene copolymer will have a weightaverage molecular weight of from greater than 8,000 g/mol in oneembodiment, and greater than 10,000 g/mol in another embodiment, andgreater than 12,000 g/mol in yet another embodiment, and greater than20,000 g/mol in yet another embodiment, and less than 1,000,000 g/mol inyet another embodiment, and less than 800,000 in yet another embodiment,wherein a desirable copolymer can comprise any upper molecular weightlimit with any lower molecular weight limit described herein.

Particularly desirable propylene copolymers have a molecular weightdistribution (Mw/Mn) ranging from 1.5 to 10, and from 1.6 to 7 inanother embodiment, and from 1.7 to 5 in yet another embodiment, andfrom 1.8 to 4 in yet another embodiment. The Gardner impact strength,tested on 0.125 inch disk at 23° C., of the propylene copolymer canrange from 20 in-lb to 1000 in-lb in one embodiment, and from 30 in-lbto 500 in-lb in another embodiment, and from 40 in-lb to 400 in-lb inyet another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the 1% secantflexural modulus of the propylene copolymer ranges from 100 MPa to 2300MPa, and from 200 MPa to 2100 MPa in another embodiment, and from 300MPa to 2000 MPa in yet another embodiment, wherein a desirablepolypropylene can exhibit any combination of any upper flexural moduluslimit with any lower flexural modulus limit. The melt flow rate (MFR)(ASTM D 1238, 230° C., 2.16 kg) of propylene copolymer ranges from 0.1dg/min to 2500 dg/min in one embodiment, and from 0.3 to 500 dg/min inanother embodiment.

In another embodiment the polypropylene can be a propylene copolymercomprising propylene and one or more other monomers selected from thegroup consisting of ethylene and C₄ to C₂₀ linear, branched or cyclicmonomers, and in some embodiments is a C₄ to C₁₂ linear or branchedalpha-olefin, preferably butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene,nonene, decene, dodecene, 4-methyl-pentene-1,3-methyl pentene-1,3,5,5-trimethyl-hexene-1, and the like. The monomers can be present atup to 50 weight %, preferably from 0 to 40 weight %, more preferablyfrom 0.5 to 30 weight %, more preferably from 2 to 30 weight %, morepreferably from 5 to 20 weight %.

Preferred linear alphα-olefins useful as comonomers for the propylenecopolymers useful in this invention include C₃ to C₈ alpha-olefins, morepreferably 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene, even more preferably1-butene. Preferred linear alpha-olefins useful as comonomers for thebutene copolymers useful in this invention include C₃ to C₈alpha-olefins, more preferably propylene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene, evenmore preferably propylene. Preferred branched alpha-olefins include4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, and 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene,5-ethyl-1-nonene. Preferred aromatic-group-containing monomers containup to 30 carbon atoms. Suitable aromatic-group-containing monomerscomprise at least one aromatic structure, preferably from one to three,more preferably a phenyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, or naphthyl moiety. Thearomatic-group-containing monomer further comprises at least onepolymerizable double bond such that after polymerization, the aromaticstructure will be pendant from the polymer backbone. The aromatic-groupcontaining monomer can further be substituted with one or morehydrocarbyl groups including but not limited to C1 to C10 alkyl groups.Additionally two adjacent substitutions can be joined to form a ringstructure. Preferred aromatic-group-containing monomers contain at leastone aromatic structure appended to a polymerizable olefinic moiety.Particularly preferred aromatic monomers include styrene,alpha-methylstyrene, para-alkylstyrenes, vinyltoluenes,vinylnaphthalene, allyl benzene, and indene, especially styrene,paramethyl styrene, 4-phenyl-1-butene and allyl benzene.

Non-aromatic cyclic group containing monomers are also preferred. Thesemonomers can contain up to 30 carbon atoms. Suitable non-aromatic cyclicgroup containing monomers preferably have at least one polymerizableolefinic group that is either pendant on the cyclic structure or is partof the cyclic structure. The cyclic structure can also be furthersubstituted by one or more hydrocarbyl groups such as, but not limitedto, C1 to C10 alkyl groups. Preferred non-aromatic cyclic groupcontaining monomers include vinylcyclohexane, vinylcyclohexene,vinylnorbomene, ethylidene norbomene, cyclopentadiene, cyclopentene,cyclohexene, cyclobutene, vinyladamantane and the like.

In another embodiment the propylene component comprises a randomcopolymer, also known as an “RCP,” comprising propylene and up to 20mole % of ethylene or a C₄ to C₂₀ olefin, preferably up to 20 mole %ethylene.

In another embodiment, the polypropylene component comprises an impactcopolymer (ICP) or block copolymer. Propylene impact copolymers arecommonly used in a variety of applications where strength and impactresistance are desired such as molded and extruded automobile parts,household appliances, luggage and furniture. Propylene homopolymersalone are often unsuitable for such applications because they are toobrittle and have low impact resistance particularly at low temperature,whereas propylene impact copolymers are specifically engineered forapplications such as these.

A typical propylene impact copolymer contains at least two phases orcomponents, e.g., a homopolymer component and a copolymer component. Theimpact copolymer can also comprise three phases such as a PP/EP/PEcombination with the PP continuous and a dispersed phase with EP outsideand PE inside the dispersed phase particles. These components areusually produced in a sequential polymerization process wherein thehomopolymer produced in a first reactor is transferred to a secondreactor where copolymer is produced and incorporated within the matrixof the homopolymer component. The copolymer component has rubberycharacteristics and provides the desired impact resistance, whereas thehomopolymer component provides overall stiffness.

Another important feature of ICP's is the amount of amorphouspolypropylene they contain. In certain embodiments, it is useful tocharacterize ICPs according to the invention as having low amorphouspolypropylene, preferably less than 3% by weight, more preferably lessthan 2% by weight, even more preferably less than 1% by weight and mostpreferably there is no measurable amorphous polypropylene. Percentamorphous polypropylene is determined by the method described below.

Preferred impact copolymers can be a reactor blend (in situ blend) or apost reactor (ex-situ) blend. In one embodiment, a suitable impactcopolymer comprises from 40% to 95% by weight Component A and from 5% to60% by weight Component B based on the total weight of the impactcopolymer; wherein Component A comprises propylene homopolymer orcopolymer, the copolymer comprising 10% or less by weight ethylene,butene, hexene or octene comonomer; and wherein Component B comprisespropylene copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises from 5% to 70% byweight ethylene, butene, hexene and/or octene comonomer, and from about95% to about 30% by weight propylene. In one embodiment of the impactcopolymer, Component B consists essentially of propylene and from about30% to about 65% by weight ethylene. In another embodiment, Component Bcomprises ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-dieneterpolymers, ethylene-acrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate,styrene-butadiene copolymers, ethylene-acrylic ester copolymers,polybutadiene, polyisoprene, natural rubber, isobutylene, hydrocarbonresin (the hydrocarbon resin being characterized by a molecular weightless than 5000, a T_(g) of about 50 to 100° C. and a softening point,Ring and Ball, as measured by ASTM E-28, of less than about 140° C.),rosin ester, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, Component Bhas a molecular weight distribution of less than 3.5. In yet anotherembodiment, Component B has a weight average molecular weight of atleast 20,000. Impact copolymers have been previously disclosed in, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,342,566 and 6,384,142.

Component B is most preferably a copolymer consisting essentially ofpropylene and ethylene although other propylene copolymers, ethylenecopolymers or terpolymers can be suitable depending on the particularproduct properties desired. For example, propylene/butene, hexene oroctene copolymers, and ethylene/butene, hexene or octene copolymers canbe used, and propylene/ethylene/hexene-1 terpolymers can be used. In apreferred embodiment though, Component B is a copolymer comprising atleast 40% by weight propylene, more preferably from about 80% by weightto about 30% by weight propylene, even more preferably from about 70% byweight to about 35% by weight propylene. The comonomer content ofComponent B is preferably in the range of from about 20% to about 70% byweight comonomer, more preferably from about 30% to about 65% by weightcomonomer, even more preferably from about 35% to about 60% by weightcomonomer. Most preferably Component B consists essentially of propyleneand from about 20% to about 70% ethylene, more preferably from about 30%to about 65% ethylene, and most preferably from about 35% to about 60%ethylene.

For other Component B copolymers, the comonomer contents will need to beadjusted depending on the specific properties desired. For example, forethylene/hexene copolymers, Component B should contain at least 17% byweight hexene and at least 83% by weight ethylene.

Component B, preferably has a narrow molecular weight distributionMw/Mn, i.e., lower than 5.0, preferably lower than 4.0, more preferablylower than 3.5, even more preferably lower than 3.0 and most preferably2.5 or lower. These molecular weight distributions should be obtained inthe absence of visbreaking or peroxide or other post reactor treatmentmolecular weight tailoring. Component B preferably has a weight averagemolecular weight (Mw as determined by GPC) of at least 100,000,preferably at least 150,000, and most preferably at least 200,000.

Component B preferably has an intrinsic viscosity greater than 1.00dl/g, more preferably greater than 1.50 dl/g and most preferably greaterthan 2.00 dl/g. The term “intrinsic viscosity” or “IV” is usedconventionally herein to mean the viscosity of a solution of polymersuch as Component B in a given solvent at a given temperature, when thepolymer composition is at infinite dilution. According to the ASTMstandard test method D 1601-78, IV measurement involves a standardcapillary viscosity measuring device, in which the viscosity of a seriesof concentrations of the polymer in the solvent at the given temperatureare determined. For Component B, decalin is a suitable solvent and atypical temperature is 135° C. From the values of the viscosity ofsolutions of varying concentrations, the “value” at infinite dilutioncan be determined by extrapolation.

Component B preferably has a composition distribution breadth index(CDBI) of greater than 60%, more preferably greater than 65%, even morepreferably greater than 70%, even more preferably greater than 75%,still more preferably greater than 80%, and most preferably greater than85%. CDBI defines the compositional variation among polymer chains interms of ethylene (or other comonomer) content of the copolymer as awhole. A measure of composition distribution is the “CompositionDistribution Breadth Index” (“CDBI”) as defined in U.S. Pat. No.5,382,630 which is hereby incorporated by reference. CDBI is defined asthe weight percent of the copolymer molecules having a comonomer contentwithin 50% of the median total molar comonomer content. The CDBI of acopolymer is readily determined utilizing well known techniques forisolating individual fractions of a sample of the copolymer. One suchtechnique is Temperature Rising Elution Fraction (TREF), as described inWild, et al., J. Poly. Sci., Poly. Phys. Ed., vol. 20, p. 441 (1982) andU.S. Pat. No. 5,008,204, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Component B of the ICPs preferably has low crystallinity, preferablyless than 10% by weight of a crystalline portion, more preferably lessthan 5% by weight of a crystalline portion. Where there is a crystallineportion of Component B, its composition is preferably the same as or atleast similar to (within 15% by weight) the remainder of Component B interms of overall comonomer weight percent.

The preferred melt flow rate or MFR of these ICP's depends on thedesired end use but is typically in the range of from about 0.2 dg/minto about 200 dg/min, more preferably from about 5 dg/min to about 100dg/min. Significantly, high MFRs, i.e., higher than 50 dg/min areobtainable. The ICP preferably has a melting point (Tm) of at least 145°C., preferably at least 150° C., more preferably at least 152° C., andmost preferably at least 155° C.

The ICPs comprise from about 40% to about 95% by weight Component A andfrom about 5% to about 60% by weight Component B, preferably from about50% to about 95% by weight Component A and from about 5% to about 50%Component B, even more preferably from about 60% to about 90% by weightComponent A and from about 10% to about 40% by weight Component B. Inthe most preferred embodiment, the ICP consists essentially ofComponents A and B. The overall comonomer (preferably ethylene) contentof the total ICP is preferably in the range of from about 2% to about30% by weight, preferably from about 5% to about 25% by weight, evenmore preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight, still morepreferably from about 5% to about 15% by weight comonomer.

In another embodiment a preferred impact copolymer composition isprepared by selecting Component A and Component B such that theirrefractive indices (as measured by ASTM D 542-00) are within 20% of eachother, preferably within 15%, more preferably 10%, even more preferablywithin 5% of each other. This selection produces impact copolymers withoutstanding clarity. In another embodiment a preferred impact copolymercomposition is prepared by selecting a blend of Component A and an NFP,and a blend of Component B and an NFP such that refractive indices ofthe blends (as measured by ASTM D 542-00) are within 20% of each other,preferably within 15%, more preferably 10%, even more preferably within5% of each other.

In yet another embodiment, the Gardner impact strength, tested on 0.125inch disk at −29° C., of the propylene impact copolymer ranges from 20in-lb to 1000 in-lb, and from 30 in-lb to 500 in-lb in anotherembodiment, and from 40 in-lb to 400 in-lb in yet another embodiment.Further, the 1% secant flexural modulus of the propylene impactcopolymer can range from 100 MPa to 2300 MPa in one embodiment, and from200 MPa to 2100 MPa in another embodiment, and from 300 MPa to 2000 MPain yet another embodiment, wherein a desirable polypropylene can exhibitany combination of any upper flexural modulus limit with any lowerflexural modulus limit. The melt flow rate (MFR) (ASTM D 1238, 230° C.,2.16 kg) of desirable homopolymers ranges from 0.1 dg/min to 2500 dg/minin one embodiment, and from 0.3 to 500 dg/min in another embodiment.

In another embodiment polymers that are useful in this invention includehomopolymers and random copolymers of propylene having a heat of fusionas determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of less than 50J/g, a melt index (MI) of less than 20 dg/min and or an MFR of 20 dg/minor less, and contains stereoregular propylene crystallinity preferablyisotactic stereoregular propylene crystallinity. In another embodimentthe polymer is a random copolymer of propylene and at least onecomonomer selected from ethylene, C₄-C₁₂ α-olefins, and combinationsthereof. Preferably the random copolymers of propylene comprises from 2wt % to 25 wt % polymerized ethylene units, based on the total weight ofthe polymer; has a narrow composition distribution; has a melting point(Tm) of from 25° C. to 120° C., or from 35° C. to 80° C.; has a heat offusion within the range having an upper limit of 50 J/g or 25 J/g and alower limit of 1 J/g or 3 J/g; has a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mnof from 1.8 to 4.5; and has a melt index (MI) of less than 20 dg/min, orless than 15 dg/min. The intermolecular composition distribution of thecopolymer is determined by thermal fractionation in a solvent. A typicalsolvent is a saturated hydrocarbon such as hexane or heptane. Thethermal fractionation procedure is described below. Typically,approximately 75% by weight, preferably 85% by weight, of the copolymeris isolated as one or two adjacent, soluble fractions with the balanceof the copolymer in immediately preceding or succeeding fractions. Eachof these fractions has a composition (wt % comonomer such as ethylene orother α-olefin) with a difference of no greater than 20% (relative),preferably 10% (relative), of the average weight % comonomer of thecopolymer. The copolymer has a narrow composition distribution if itmeets the fractionation test described above.

A particularly preferred polymer useful in the present invention is anelastic polymer with a moderate level of crystallinity due tostereoregular propylene sequences. The polymer can be: (A) a propylenehomopolymer in which the stereoregularity is disrupted in some mannersuch as by regio-inversions; (B) a random propylene copolymer in whichthe propylene stereoregularity is disrupted at least in part bycomonomers; or (C) a combination of (A) and (B).

In one embodiment, the polymer further includes a non-conjugated dienemonomer to aid in vulcanization and other chemical modification of theblend composition. The amount of diene present in the polymer ispreferably less than 10% by weight, and more preferably less than 5% byweight. The diene can be any non-conjugated diene which is commonly usedfor the vulcanization of ethylene propylene rubbers including, but notlimited to, ethylidene norbomene, vinyl norbornene, anddicyclopentadiene.

In one embodiment, the polymer is a random copolymer of propylene and atleast one comonomer selected from ethylene, C₄-C₁₂ α-olefins, andcombinations thereof. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, thecopolymer includes ethylene-derived units in an amount ranging from alower limit of 2%, 5%, 6%, 8%, or 10% by weight to an upper limit of20%, 25%, or 28% by weight. This embodiment will also includepropylene-derived units present in the copolymer in an amount rangingfrom a lower limit of 72%, 75%, or 80% by weight to an upper limit of98%, 95%, 94%, 92%, or 90% by weight. These percentages by weight arebased on the total weight of the propylene and ethylene-derived units;i.e., based on the sum of weight percent propylene-derived units andweight percent ethylene-derived units being 100%. The ethylenecomposition of a polymer can be measured as follows. A thin homogeneousfilm is pressed at a temperature of about 150° C. or greater, thenmounted on a Perkin Elmer PE 1760 infrared spectrophotometer. A fullspectrum of the sample from 600 cm⁻¹ to 4000 cm⁻¹ is recorded and themonomer weight percent of ethylene can be calculated according to thefollowing equation: Ethylene wt %=82.585−111.987X+30.045 X², wherein Xis the ratio of the peak height at 1155 cm⁻¹ and peak height at either722 cm⁻¹ or 732 cm⁻¹, whichever is higher. The concentrations of othermonomers in the polymer can also be measured using this method.

Comonomer content of discrete molecular weight ranges can be measured byFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in conjunction withsamples collected by GPC. One such method is described in Wheeler andWillis, Applied Spectroscopy, 1993, vol. 47, pp. 1128-1130. Differentbut similar methods are equally functional for this purpose and wellknown to those skilled in the art.

Comonomer content and sequence distribution of the polymers can bemeasured by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR), and such method iswell known to those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the polymer is a random propylene copolymer having anarrow composition distribution. In another embodiment, the polymer is arandom propylene copolymer having a narrow composition distribution anda melting point of from 25° C. to 110° C. The copolymer is described asrandom because for a polymer comprising propylene, comonomer, andoptionally diene, the number and distribution of comonomer residues isconsistent with the random statistical polymerization of the monomers.In stereoblock structures, the number of block monomer residues of anyone kind adjacent to one another is greater than predicted from astatistical distribution in random copolymers with a similarcomposition. Historical ethylene-propylene copolymers with stereoblockstructure have a distribution of ethylene residues consistent with theseblocky structures rather than a random statistical distribution of themonomer residues in the polymer. The intramolecular compositiondistribution (i.e., randomness) of the copolymer can be determined by¹³C NMR, which locates the comonomer residues in relation to theneighboring propylene residues. The intermolecular compositiondistribution of the copolymer is determined by thermal fractionation ina solvent. A typical solvent is a saturated hydrocarbon such as hexaneor heptane. Typically, approximately 75% by weight, preferably 85% byweight, of the copolymer is isolated as one or two adjacent, solublefractions with the balance of the copolymer in immediately preceding orsucceeding fractions. Each of these fractions has a composition (wt %comonomer such as ethylene or other α-olefin) with a difference of nogreater than 20% (relative), preferably 10% (relative), of the averageweight % comonomer of the copolymer. The copolymer has a narrowcomposition distribution if it meets the fractionation test describedabove. To produce a copolymer having the desired randomness and narrowcomposition, it is beneficial if (1) a single-site metallocene catalystis used which allows only a single statistical mode of addition of thefirst and second monomer sequences and (2) the copolymer is well-mixedin a continuous flow stirred tank polymerization reactor which allowsonly a single polymerization environment for substantially all of thepolymer chains of the copolymer.

The crystallinity of the polymers can be expressed in terms of heat offuision. Embodiments of the present invention include polymers having aheat of fusion, as determined by DSC, ranging from a lower limit of 1.0J/g, or 3.0 J/g, to an upper limit of 50 J/g, or 10 J/g. Without wishingto be bound by theory, it is believed that the polymers of embodimentsof the present invention have generally isotactic, crystallizablepropylene sequences, and the above heats of fuision are believed to bedue to the melting of these crystalline segments.

The crystallinity of the polymer can also be expressed in terms ofcrystallinity percent. The thermal energy for the highest order ofpolypropylene is estimated at 207 J/g. That is, 100% crystallinity isequal to 207 J/g. Preferably, the polymer has a polypropylenecrystallinity within the range having an upper limit of 65%, 40%, 30%,25%, or 20%, and a lower limit of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, or 8%.

The level of crystallinity is also reflected in the melting point. Theterm “melting point,” as used herein, is the highest peak highestmeaning the largest amount of polymer being reflected as opposed to thepeak occurring at the highest temperature among principal and secondarymelting peaks as determined by DSC, discussed above. In one embodimentof the present invention, the polymer has a single melting point.Typically, a sample of propylene copolymer will show secondary meltingpeaks adjacent to the principal peak, which are considered together as asingle melting point. The highest of these peaks is considered themelting point. The polymer preferably has a melting point by DSC rangingfrom an upper limit of 110° C., 105° C., 90° C., 80° C., or 70° C., to alower limit of 0° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 35° C., 40° C., or 45° C.

In an embodiment, the polypropylene used in the invention have a weightaverage molecular weight (Mw) within the range having an upper limit of5,000,000 g/mol, 1,000,000 g/mol, or 500,000 g/mol, and a lower limit of10,000 g/mol, 20,000 g/mol, or 80,000 g/mol, and a molecular weightdistribution Mw/Mn (MWD), sometimes referred to as a “polydispersityindex” (PDI), ranging from a lower limit of 1.5, 1.8, or 2.0 to an upperlimit of 40, 20, 10, 5, or 4.5, with a range of from any upper limit toany lower limit being contemplated as preferred embodiments. In oneembodiment, the polymer has a Mooney viscosity, ML(1+4) @ 125° C., of100 or less, 75 or less, 60 or less, or 30 or less. Mooney viscosity, asused herein, can be measured as ML(1+4) @ 125° C. according to ASTMD1646, unless otherwise specified.

The polymers used in embodiments of the present invention can have atacticity index (m/r) ranging from a lower limit of 4 or 6 to an upperlimit of 8, 10, or 12. The tacticity index, expressed herein as “m/r”,is determined by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The tacticityindex m/r is calculated as defined in H. N. Cheng, Macromolecules, 17,1950 (1984). The designation “m” or “r” describes the stereochemistry ofpairs of contiguous propylene groups, “m” referring to meso and “r” toracemic. An m/r ratio of 0 to less than 1.0 generally describes asyndiotactic polymer, and an m/r ratio of 1.0 an atactic material, andan m/r ratio of greater than 1.0 an isotactic material. An isotacticmaterial theoretically can have a ratio approaching infinity, and manyby-product atactic polymers have sufficient isotactic content to resultin ratios of greater than 50.

In one embodiment, the polymer has isotactic stereoregular propylenecrystallinity. The term “stereoregular” as used herein means that thepredominant number, i.e. greater than 80%, of the propylene residues inthe polypropylene or in the polypropylene continuous phase of a blend,such as impact copolymer exclusive of any other monomer such asethylene, has the same 1,2 insertion and the stereochemical orientationof the pendant methyl groups is the same, either meso or racemic.

An ancillary procedure for the description of the tacticity of thepropylene units of embodiments of the current invention is the use oftriad tacticity. The triad tacticity of a polymer is the relativetacticity of a sequence of three adjacent propylene units, a chainconsisting of head to tail bonds, expressed as a binary combination of mand r sequences. It is usually expressed for copolymers of the presentinvention as the ratio of the number of units of the specified tacticityto all of the propylene triads in the copolymer. The triad tacticity (mmfraction) of a propylene copolymer can be determined from a ¹³C NMRspectrum of the propylene copolymer as described in WO 2004/014997.

Fillers/additives

In certain embodiments, the elastomeric composition can comprisefillers, additives, and the like. Suitable fillers include titaniumdioxide, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, silica, silicon dioxide,carbon black, sand, glass beads or glass fibers, mineral aggregates,talc, clay, wollastonite, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, thefillers described above can be present at 20 wt % or less (based uponthe weight of the composition), preferably 10 wt % or less, preferably 5wt % or less, preferably between 0.5 and 5 wt %. In another embodiment,the composition does not comprise calcium carbonate. By does notcomprise is meant that the calcium carbonate is present at less than 0.5weight %, preferably less than 0.01 wt %.

The polymeric composition of this invention can further comprise typicaladditives per se known in the art such antioxidants, adjuvants, and/oradhesion promoters. Preferred antioxidants include phenolicantioxidants, such as Irganox 1010, Irganox, 1076 both available fromCiba-Geigy. Other preferred additives include block, antiblock,pigments, processing aids, UV stabilizers, neutralizers, lubricants,surfactants and/or nucleating agents can also be present in one or morethan one layer in the films. Other preferred additives includepolydimethylsiloxane, dyes, waxes, calcium stearate, carbon black, lowmolecular weight resins and glass beads. Preferred adhesion promotersinclude polar acids, polyaminoamides (such as Versamid 115, 125, 140,available from Henkel), urethanes (such as isocyanate/hydroxy terminatedpolyester systems, e.g. bonding agent TN/Mondur Cb-75 (Miles, Inc.),coupling agents, (such as silane esters (Z-6020 from Dow Coming)),titanate esters (such as Kr-44 available from Kenrich), reactiveacrylate monomers (such as sarbox SB-600 from Sartomer), metal acidsalts (such as Saret 633 from Sartomer), polyphenylene oxide, oxidizedpolyolefins, acid modified polyolefins, and anhydride modifiedpolyolefins.

In another embodiment the polymeric composition can be combined withless than 3 wt. % anti-oxidant, less than 3 wt. % flow improver, lessthan 10 wt. % wax, and or less than 3 wt. % crystallization aid.

Other optional components that can be combined with the polymericcomposition as disclosed herein include other additives such assurfactants, fillers, color masterbatches, and the like.

An important subclass of “fillers” or “additives” includes nanoclays. Inembodiments the elastomeric composition can include a nanoclay (thecombination of a polymer and a nanoclay is referred to as ananocomposite).

The organoclay can comprise one or more of ammonium, primaryalkylammonium, secondary alkylammonium, tertiary alkylammonium,quaternary alkylammonium, phosphonium derivatives of aliphatic, aromaticor arylaliphatic amines, phosphines or sulfides or sulfonium derivativesof aliphatic, aromatic or arylaliphatic amines, phosphines or sulfides.

The organoclay can be selected from one or more of montmorillonite,sodium montmorillonite, calcium montmorillonite, magnesiummontmorillonite, nontronite, beidellite, volkonskoite, laponite,hectorite, saponite, sauconite, magadite, kenyaite, sobockite,svindordite, stevensite, vermiculite, halloysite, aluminate oxides,hydrotalcite, illite, rectorite, tarosovite, ledikite and/or florinemica.

The organoclay is preferably present in the nanocomposite at from 0.1 to50 wt %, based on the total weight of the nanocomposite.

While preferred amounts of certain specificfiiller/additives and certainclasses of filler/additives have been suggested above, more generally(absent specific directions otherwise given herein) the compositions ofthis invention can optionally have one or more fillers/additives,preferably in the amount of less than 30 weight %, or less than 25 wt.%, or less than 20 wt. %, or less than 15 wt. %, preferably less than 10wt. %, more preferably less than 5 wt. %, or in other embodiments lessthan 2 wt %, or less than 1 wt %, based upon the total weight of thevarious components and the total weight of the filler/additives. Whilenot critical to the characterization of a “composition comprising afiller/additive”, which means that one or more fillers and/or additivesare added, a lower limit can be 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 0.01 wt %,0.1 wt %, or similar amounts. In some cases it can be preferable forthere to be no fillers/additives, or in other cases preferredembodiments can be directed to the absence of specificfillers/additives, e.g., some preferred embodiments have no carbonates,no inorganic fillers, and so on. Filler/additives in the nature ofunavoidable impurities can of course be present in the case where nofiller/additives are purposefully added but in some embodiments it canbe useful to further purify ingredients to avoid filler/additives asmuch as possible. One of ordinary skill in the art, in possession of thepresent disclosure, can determine the nature and amount of theseoptional ingredients by routine experimentation.

Blending of the Components

The components can be blended using conventional equipment and methods,such a by blending the individual components and subsequently meltmixing in a mixer, or by mixing the components together directly in amixer, such as a Banbury mixer, a Haake mixer, a Brabender internalmixer, or a single or twin-screw extruder including a compoundingextruder and a side-arm extruder used directly or indirectly downstreamof a polymerization process. The composition can then be extruded intopellets. The blending per se would be well within the skill of theordinary artisan. The pellets can then be used in the final process,e.g., thermoformed or otherwise molded or extruded into a product, suchas a film, sheet, or other article.

In one or more embodiments, the blend comprises at least one lowmolecular weight polyolefin in an amount of about 1.0 wt % to about 90wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In one or moreembodiments, the blend comprises at least one low molecular weightpolyolefin in an amount of about 5.0 wt % to about 50 wt %, based on thetotal weight of the composition. Preferably, the blend comprises atleast one low molecular weight polyolefin in an amount of about 10 wt %to about 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In oneor more embodiments, the blend comprises at least one low molecularweight polyolefin in the amount of less than 50 wt %, less than 40 wt %,less than 30 wt %, less than 25 wt %, less than 20 wt %, less than 15 wt%, or less than 10 wt %.

In one or more embodiments, the blend comprises at least one selectivelyhydrogenated block copolymer in an amount of about 1.0 wt % to about 90wt %, preferably of from about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %, preferably ofabout 50 wt % to 70 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.Preferably, the at least one selectively hydrogenated block copolymer isor includes a block copolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of avinyl aromatic monomer and a central polymeric block prepared originallywith a conjugated diolefin and subsequently hydrogenated.

In one or more embodiments, the blend comprises at least onepolypropylene in the amount of about 1.0 wt % to about 90 wt %,preferably of about 5.0 wt % to about 50 wt %, preferably of about 10 wt% to about 30 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. In oneor more embodiments, the blend comprises at least one polypropylene inthe amount of less than 50 wt %, less than 40 wt %, less than 30 wt %,less than 25 wt %, less than 20 wt %, less than 15 wt %, or less than 10wt %.

In one or more embodiments, the blend comprises about 5 wt % to about 50wt % of at least one low molecular weight polyolefin; about 10 wt % toabout 30 wt % of at least one selectively hydrogenated block copolymerhaving terminal polymeric blocks of a vinyl aromatic monomer and acentral polymeric block prepared originally with a conjugated diolefinand subsequently hydrogenated; and about 5.0 wt % to about 50 wt % of atleast one polypropylene.

In one or more embodiments, the blend comprises about 10 wt % to about30 wt % of at least one low molecular weight polyolefin; about 50 wt %to about 70 wt % of at least one selectively hydrogenated blockcopolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of a vinyl aromatic monomerand a central polymeric block prepared originally with a conjugateddiolefin and subsequently hydrogenated; and about 10 wt % to about 30 wt% of at least one polypropylene.

Experimental Methods

Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

The glass transition temperature (Tg) can be measured using dynamicmechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). This test provides information aboutthe small-strain mechanical response (relaxation behavior) of a sampleas a function of temperature over a temperature range that includes theglass transition region and the visco-elastic region prior to melting.

Typically, samples are tested using a three point bending configuration(TA Instruments DMA 2980). A solid rectangular compression molded bar isplaced on two fixed supports; a movable clamp applied a periodicdeformation to the sample midpoint at a frequency of 1 Hz and amplitudeof 20 μm. The sample is initially cooled to −130° C. then heated to 60°C. at a heating rate of 3° C./min. In some cases, compression moldedbars are tested using other deformation configurations, namely dualcantilever bending and tensile elongation (Rheometrics RSAII). Theperiodic deformation under these configurations is applied at afrequency of 1 Hz and strain amplitude of 0.05%. The sample is cooled to−130° C. and then heated to 60° C. at a rate of 2° C./min. The slightdifference in heating rates does not influence the glass transitiontemperature measurements significantly.

The output of these DMTA experiments is the storage modulus (E′) andloss modulus (EΔ). The storage modulus measures the elastic response orthe ability of the material to store energy, and the loss modulusmeasures the viscous response or the ability of the material todissipate energy. Tan-delta is the ratio of E″/E′ and gives a measure ofthe damping ability of the material. The beginning of the broad glasstransition (β-relaxation) is identified as the extrapolated tangent tothe tan-delta peak. In addition, the peak temperature and area under thepeak are also measured to more fully characterize the transition fromglassy to visco-elastic region. Thus the glass transition temperature isthe peak temperature associated with the β-relaxation peak.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting temperature (Tm) aremeasured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) usingcommercially available equipment such as a TA Instruments 2920 DSC.Typically, 6 to 10 mg of molded polymer or plasticized polymer is sealedin an aluminum pan and loaded into the instrument at room temperature.Melting data (first heat) is acquired by heating the sample to at least30° C. above its melting temperature, typically 220° C. forpolypropylene, at a heating rate of 10° C./min. The sample is held forat least 5 minutes at this temperature to destroy its thermal history.Crystallization data are acquired by cooling the sample from the melt toat least 50° C. below the crystallization temperature, typically −50° C.for polypropylene, at a cooling rate of 20° C./min. The sample is heldat this temperature for at least 5 minutes, and finally heated at 10°C./min to acquire additional melting data (second heat). The endothermicmelting transition (first and second heat) and exothermiccrystallization transition are analyzed for onset of transition and peaktemperature. The melting temperatures reported are the peak meltingtemperatures from the second heat unless otherwise specified. Forpolymers displaying multiple peaks, the melting point (or meltingtemperature) is defined to be the peak melting temperature (i.e.,associated with the largest endothermic calorimetric response in thatrange of temperatures) from the DSC melting trace; likewise, thecrystallization temperature is defined to be the peak crystallizationtemperature (i.e., associated with the largest exothermic calorimetricresponse in that range of temperatures) from the DSC crystallizationtrace.

Areas under the DSC curve are used to determine the heat of transition(heat of fusion, H_(f), upon melting or heat of crystallization, H_(c),upon crystallization), which can be used to calculate the degree ofcrystallinity (also called the percent crystallinity). The percentcrystallinity (X%) is calculated using the formula: [area under thecurve (in J/g)/H° (in J/g)] * 100, where H° is the heat of fusion forthe homopolymer of the major monomer component. These values for H° areto be obtained from the Polymer Handbook, Fourth Edition, published byJohn Wiley and Sons, New York 1999, except that a value of 290 J/g isused as the equilibrium heat of fusion (H°) for 100% crystallinepolyethylene, a value of 140 J/g is used as the equilibrium heat offusion (H°) for 100% crystalline polybutene, and a value of 207 J/g (H°)is used as the heat of fusion for a 100% crystalline polypropylene.

Crystallization half time at 125° C. was measured on a Perkin ElmerPyris I DSC. The sample was melted at 200° C. for 10 min; cooled to 160°C. at 150° C./min and then to 140° C. at 40° C./min; held at 140° C. for45 min; heated again to 200° C. at 150° C./min and held there for 10min; cooled to 145° C. at 150° C./min and then to 125° C. at 40° C./min;and held at 125° C. for 45 min to acquire crystallization data. Thecrystallization half-time is the time required for half of the finalcrystallinity to develop, as measured by ΔHc; that is, if the finalΔH_(c) after 45 min is X J/g, the crystallization half time is the timerequired for ΔH_(c) to reach X/2 J/g. Crystallization half time at 140°C. was measured identically except the final temperature was 140° C.instead of 125° C.

Size-Exclusion Chromatography of Polymers (SEC-3D)

Molecular weight (weight-average molecular weight, Mw, number-averagemolecular weight, Mn, and molecular weight distribution, Mw/Mn or MWD)can be determined using a High Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatograph(either from Waters Corporation or Polymer Laboratories), equipped witha differential refractive index detector (DRI), an online lightscattering (LS) detector, and a viscometer. Experimental details notdescribed below, including how the detectors were calibrated, aredescribed in: T. Sun, P. Brant, R. R. Chance, and W. W. Graessley,Macromolecules, Volume 34, Number 19, 6812-6820, (2001).

Three Polymer Laboratories PLgel 10 mm Mixed-B columns are preferablyused. The nominal flow rate is 0.5 cm3/min, and the nominal injectionvolume is 300 μL. The various transfer lines, columns and differentialrefractometer (the DRI detector) are contained in an oven maintained at135° C. Solvent for the SEC experiment is prepared by dissolving 6 gramsof butylated hydroxy toluene as an antioxidant in 4 liters of Aldrichreagent grade 1, 2, 4 trichlorobenzene (TCB). The TCB mixture is thenfiltered through a 0.7 μm glass pre-filter and subsequently through a0.1 μm Teflon filter. The TCB is then degassed with an online degasserbefore entering the SEC. Polymer solutions are prepared by placing drypolymer in a glass container, adding the desired amount of TCB, thenheating the mixture at 160° C. with continuous agitation for about 2hours. All quantities are measured gravimetrically. The TCB densitiesused to express the polymer concentration in mass/volume units are 1.463g/ml at room temperature and 1.324 g/ml at 135° C. The injectionconcentration ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/ml, with lower concentrationsbeing used for higher molecular weight samples. Prior to running eachsample the DRI detector and the injector can be purged. Flow rate in theapparatus is then increased to 0.5 ml/minute, and the DRI is allowed tostabilize for 8-9 hours before injecting the first sample. The LS laseris turned on 1 to 1.5 hours before running samples.

The concentration, c, at each point in the chromatogram is calculatedfrom the baseline-subtracted DRI signal, I_(DRI), using the followingequation:c=K_(DRI)I_(DRI)/(dn/dc)where K_(DRI) is a constant determined by calibrating the DRI, and(dn/dc) is the same as described below for the light scattering (LS)analysis. Units on parameters throughout this description of the SECmethod are such that concentration is expressed in g/cm³, molecularweight is expressed in g/mole, and intrinsic viscosity is expressed indL/g.

The light scattering detector can be a Wyatt Technology High Temperaturemini-DAWN. The polymer molecular weight, M, at each point in thechromatogram is determined by analyzing the LS output using the Zimmmodel for static light scattering (M. B. Huglin, Light Scattering fromPolymer Solutions, Academic Press, 1971):$\frac{K_{o}c}{\Delta\quad{R(\theta)}} = {\frac{1}{{MP}(\theta)} + {2A_{2}c}}$

Here, ΔR(θ) is the measured excess Rayleigh scattering intensity atscattering angle θ, c is the polymer concentration determined from theDRI analysis, A₂ is the second virial coefficient [for purposes of thisinvention and the claims thereto, A₂=0.0006 for propylene polymers and0.001 otherwise], P(θ) is the form factor for a monodisperse random coil(M. B. Huglin, LIGHT SCATTERING FROM POLYMER SOLUTIONS, Academic Press,1971), and K_(o) is the optical constant for the system:$K_{o} = \frac{4\pi^{2}{n^{2}\left( {{\mathbb{d}n}/{\mathbb{d}c}} \right)}^{2}}{\lambda^{4}N_{A}}$in which N_(A) is Avogadro's number, and (dn/dc) is the refractive indexincrement for the system. The refractive index, n=1.500 for TCB at 135°C. and λ=690 nm. For purposes of this invention and the claims thereto(dn/dc)=0.104 for propylene polymers and 0.1 otherwise.

A high temperature Viscotek Corporation viscometer, which has fourcapillaries arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration with twopressure transducers, can be used to determine specific viscosity. Onetransducer measures the total pressure drop across the detector, and theother, positioned between the two sides of the bridge, measures adifferential pressure. The specific viscosity, η_(s), for the solutionflowing through the viscometer is calculated from their outputs. Theintrinsic viscosity, [η], at each point in the chromatogram iscalculated from the following equation:η_(s) =c[η]+0.3(c[η])²where c is concentration and was determined from the DRI output.

The branching index (g′) can be calculated using the output of theSEC-DRI-LS-VIS method as follows. The average intrinsic viscosity,[η]_(avg), of the sample is calculated by:$\lbrack\eta\rbrack_{avg} = \frac{\sum{c_{i}\lbrack\eta\rbrack}_{i}}{\sum c_{i}}$where the summations are over the chromotographic slices, i, between theintegration limits. The branching index g′ is defined as:$g^{\prime} = \frac{\lbrack\eta\rbrack_{avg}}{{kM}_{v}^{\alpha}}$where, for purpose of this invention and claims thereto, α=0.695 forethylene, propylene, and butene polymers; and k=0.000579 for ethylenepolymers, k=0.000262 for propylene polymers, and k=0.000181 for butenepolymers. M_(v) is the viscosity-average molecular weight based onmolecular weights determined by LS analysis.13C-NMR Spectroscopy

Polymer microstructure can be determined by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy,including the concentration of isotactic and syndiotactic diads ([m] and[r]), triads ([mm] and [rr]), and pentads ([mmmm] and [rrrr]). Samplescan be dissolved in d₂-1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane. Spectra arerecorded at 125° C. using a NMR spectrometer of 75 or 100 MHz. Polymerresonance peaks are referenced to mmmm=21.8 ppm. Calculations involvedin the characterization of polymers by NMR follow the work of F. A.Bovey in “Polymer Conformation and Configuration” Academic Press, NewYork 1969 and J. Randall in “Polymer Sequence Determination, ¹³C-NMRMethod”, Academic Press, New York, 1977. The percent of methylenesequences of two in length, % (CH₂)₂, were calculated as follows: theintegral of the methyl carbons between 14-18 ppm (which are equivalentin concentration to the number of methylenes in sequences of two inlength) divided by the sum of the integral of the methylene sequences ofone in length between 45-49 ppm and the integral of the methyl carbonsbetween 14-18 ppm, times 100. This is a minimum calculation for theamount of methylene groups contained in a sequence of two or more sincemethylene sequences of greater than two have been excluded. Assignmentswere based on H. N. Cheng and J. A. Ewen, Makromol. Chem. 1989, 190,1931.

Fluid Properties

Pour Point is preferably measured by ASTM D 97.

Kinematic Viscosity (KV) is preferably measured by ASTM D 445.

Specific gravity is preferably determined by ASTM D 4052, at thetemperature specified.

Viscosity index (VI) is preferably determined by ASTM D 2270.

Color can be determined on the APHA scale by ASTM D 1209. Note that anAPHA color of 100 corresponds to a Saybolt color (ASTM D 156) of about+10; an APHA color of 20 corresponds to a Saybolt color of about +25;and an APHA color of 0 corresponds to a Saybolt color of about +30.

Carbon type composition can be determined by ASTM D 2140, and gives thepercentage of aromatic carbons (C_(A)), naphthenic carbons (C_(N)), andparaffinic carbons (C_(P)) in the fluid. Specifically, C_(A) is the wt %of total carbon atoms in the fluid that are in aromatic ring-typestructures; C_(N) is the wt % of total carbon atoms in the fluid thatare in saturated ring-type structures; and C_(P) is the wt % of totalcarbon atoms in the fluid that are in paraffinic chain-type structures.ASTM D 2140 involves calculating a “Viscosity Gravity Constant” (VGC)and “Refractivity Intercept” (RI) for the fluid, and determining thecarbon type composition from a correlation based on these two values.However, this method is known to fail for highly paraffinic oils,because the VGC and RI values fall outside the correlation range.Therefore, for purposes of this invention, the following protocol isused: If the calculated VGC (ASTM D 2140) for a fluid is 0.800 orgreater, the carbon type composition including C_(P) is determined byASTM D 2140. If the calculated VGC (ASTM D 2140) is less than 0.800, thefluid is considered to have C_(P) of at least 80%. If the calculated VGC(ASTM D 2140) is less than 0.800 but greater than 0.765, then ASTM D3238 is used to determine the carbon type composition including C_(P).If application of ASTM D 3238 yields unphysical quantities (e.g., anegative C_(A) value), then C_(P) is defined to be 100%. If thecalculated VGC (ASTM D 2140) for a fluid is 0.765 or less, then C_(P) isdefined to be 100%.

Number-Average Molecular Weight (Mn)

The number-average molecular weight (M_(n)) can be determined by one oftwo methods. For samples having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 10cSt or less, Gas Chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometer detectoris preferred. Such GC method is generally described in “Modem Practiceof Gas Chromatography”, R. L. Grob and E. F. Barry, Wiley-Interscience,3rd Edition (July 1995). For samples having a kinematic viscosity at100° C. of more than 10 cSt, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) usingpolystyrene standards is preferred. Such GPC method is generallydescribed in “Modem Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatographs”, W. W. Yan, J.J. Kirkland, and D. D. Bly, J. Wiley & Sons (1979).

Permanence

Permanence of the NFP can be determined by ASTM D1203, by measuring theweight loss from the plasticized composition in the form of a 0.25 mmthick sheet, after 300 hours in dry 70° C. oven. Permanence is 100%minus the Corrected % weight loss, where Corrected % weight loss=(%weight loss for the plasticized composition)−(% weight loss for theunplasticized composition under the same test conditions), % weightloss=100×(W−Wo)/Wo, W=weight after drying and Wo is the weight beforedrying. The unplasticized composition is the same composition as theplasticized composition but without NFP added.

Methods for Determining NFP Content in Blend

The preferred method to determine the NFP content (weight percent basis)in a blend is the Extraction method. Otherwise, the CRYSTAF method isused, unless the CRYSTAF soluble fraction for the unplasticizedpolyolefin is greater than 30% in which case the NMR method is used. Inevent of conflict between the Extraction method and the Crystaff methodfor the NMR method, the Extraction method is preferred. All thesemethods are solution methods. The latter two involve constructing amodel based on a calibration curve (or set of calibration curves) ofmeasured parameter(s) as a function of modifier concentration. Thecalibration blends are prepared using the same polymer and modifier asthe blend(s) under investigation but at known modifier concentrations.This set of calibrants should number at least five, and include the neatpolymer as well as at least one modifier concentration above the maximumfor the blend(s) under investigation but not greater than 50 weightpercent modifier. The blend(s) under investigation are analyzed underthe same conditions as the calibrants, and the modifier contentdetermined by applying the model.

Extraction Method

This method involves Soxhlet extraction, wherein at least a majority ofthe NFP is extracted with refluxing n-heptane. Analysis of the basepolymer is also required because it can contain low molecular weightand/or amorphous material that is soluble in refluxing n-heptane. Thelevel of plasticizer in the blend is determined by correcting itsextractables level, in weight percent, by the extractables level for thebase polymer, as described below.

The Soxhlet extraction apparatus consists of a 400 ml Soxhlet extractor,with a widened overflow tube (to prevent siphoning and to provideconstant flow extraction); a metal screen cage fitted inside the mainSoxhlet chamber; a Soxhlet extraction thimble (Whatman, singlethickness, cellulose) placed inside the screen cage; a condenser withcooling water and drain; and a one-neck 1000 ml round bottom flask withappropriately sized stir bar and heating mantle.

The procedure is as follows. Dry the Soxhlet thimbles in a 95° C. ovenfor about 60 minutes. Weigh the dry thimble directly after removal fromoven; record this weight as A: Thimble Weight Before, in g. Weigh out15-20 grams of sample (either in pellet or ground pellet form) into thethimble; record as B: Polymer Weight, in g. Place the thimble containingthe polymer in the Soxhlet apparatus. Pour about 300 ml of HPLC-graden-heptane into the round bottom flask with stir bar and secure the flaskon the heating mantle. Connect the round bottom flask, the Soxhlet, andthe condenser in series. Pour more n-heptane down through the center ofthe condenser into the Soxhlet main chamber until the solvent level isjust below the top of the overflow tube. Turn on the cooling water tothe condenser. Turn on the heating mantle and adjust the setting togenerate a rolling boil in the round bottom flask and maintain a goodreflux. Allow to reflux for 16 hours. Turn the heat off but leave thecooling system on. Allow the system to cool down to room temperature.Disassemble the apparatus. Remove the thimble and rinse with a smallamount of fresh n-heptane. Allow to air dry in the laboratory hood,followed by oven drying at 95° C. for 90 minutes. Weigh the thimblecontaining the polymer directly after removal from oven; record as C:Polymer/Thimble Weight After, in g.

The quantity of extract is determined by calculating the weight lossfrom the sample, W=(A+B−C), in g. The extractables level, E, in weightpercent, is then calculated by E=100(W/B). The plasticizer content inthe blend, P, in weight percent, is calculated by P=E(blend)−E(basepolymer).

Crystallization Analysis Fractionation (CRYSTAF)

This method involves dissolving a sample in a solvent at hightemperature, then cooling the solution slowly to cause fractionation ofthe sample based on solubility. For semi-crystalline samples, includingblends, solubility depends primarily on crystallizability: portions ofthe sample that are more crystalline will precipitate out of solution ata higher temperature than portions of the sample that are lesscrystalline. The relative amount of sample in solution as a function oftemperature is measured using an infrared (IR) detector to obtain thecumulative solubility distribution. The soluble fraction (SF) is definedas the IR signal at the lowest temperature divided by the IR signal whenall the sample is dissolved at high temperature, and corresponds to theweight fraction of sample that has not crystallized.

In the case of a NFP in a thermoplastic polyolefin, the NFP is mostly orentirely amorphous and therefore contributes predominantly orexclusively to the SF. Thus, the SF will be larger for blends withhigher NFP content. This relationship is exploited to determine the NFPcontent of a blend of known composition (polymer and NFP types) butunknown concentration. A calibration curve that describes the trend inSF as a function of NFP content is developed by making a series ofblends of known concentration using the same polymer and NFP directly inthe CRYSTAF vessels, and then running these blends under the sameoperating conditions as used for blends of unknown concentration. Thisseries of a minimum of five calibrants must include the neat(unplasticized) polymer, and at least one NFP concentration above andone NFP concentration below the concentration of the unknown sample(s)in order to reliably apply the calibration curve to the unknownsample(s). Typically, a linear fit of the calibration points is found toprovide a good representation of the SF as a function of NFP content(i.e., R²>0.9); if necessary, a quadratic fit is used to improve therepresentation of the trend (i.e., R²>0.9); if a quadratic fit is stillinsufficient then more calibrants are run to increase the density ofpoints in the range of interest, and the fit is limited to a narrowenough range that a robust representation of the trend in the range ofinterest is achieved (i.e., R²>0.9). This calibration curve is appliedto the SF values measured for the blend(s) under investigation tocalculate their respective fluid contents.

A typical CRYSTAF procedure is as follows. A commercial CRYSTAF 200instrument (Polymer Char S. A., Valencia, Spain) with five stirredstainless steel vessels of 60 mL volume is used. Approximately 30 mg ofsample are dissolved for 60 min at 160° C. in 30 mL of1,2-dichlorobenzene stabilized with 2 g/4 L of butylated hydroxytoluene.The solution is equilibrated for 45 min at 100° C. The crystallizationprocess is carried out by lowering the temperature of the vessels from100° C. to 30° C. at a rate of 0.2° C./min. A dual wavelength infrareddetector with a heated flow through cell maintained at 150° C. is usedto measure the polymer concentration in solution at regular intervalsduring the crystallization cycle; the measuring wavelength is 3.5 μm andthe reference wavelength is 3.6 μm.

If the soluble fraction for the unplasticized polyolefin is greater than30% when analyzed in 1,2-dichlorobenzene as described above, then phenylether should be used as the solvent. In this case, the temperatures mustbe adjusted in the CRYSTAF protocol: the dissolution temperature is 160°C., the equilibration temperature is 160° C., the temperature scan is160° C. to 80° C., and the detector is maintained at 180° C. Otherwise,the protocol is identical. If the soluble fraction of the unplasticizedpolyolefin is still greater than 30%, then the NMR method should beused.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Another method to determine the amount of NFP in a blend ishigh-temperature solution-phase ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance(HTS-CNMR). The composition is determined using the reference spectra ofthe neat polymer and neat NFP, as well as spectra for a set ofcalibration blends (i.e., prepared from the neat polymer and NFP atknown wt % NFP). The spectra are analyzed to determine a set of one ormore diagnostic resonances or clusters of resonances that increase ordecrease in strength monotonically with increasing NFP content. Thecorresponding peaks are integrated and their fractional contribution tothe total integral calculated as a function of NFP content (weight %) togenerate a set of calibration curves. A chemometrics model is developedusing these calibration curves to provide a method to calculate the NFPcontent. The number of diagnostic resonances is chosen to allow themodel to predict NFP content with a precision of 1 wt % or better overthe calibration range. For a general description of chemometrics and howto develop a chemometrics model, see Chemometric Techniques forQuantitative Analysis by Richard Kramer (Marcel Dekker, 1998). Theblend(s) of unknown concentration are then run following the sameHTS-CNMR procedure as used for the calibrants, and the results analyzedaccording to the model to determine the weight % NFP.

A typical HTS-CNMR procedure is as follows. Samples are prepared in1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-d₂, with chromium acetylacetonate [Cr(acac)₃]added as a relaxation agent to accelerate data acquisition. TheCr(acac)₃ concentration in the stock solvent is approximately 15 mg/ml.Sample concentrations are between 10 and 15 weight %. Free inductiondecays of 15,000 transients are accumulated at a temperature of 120° C.on a Varian UnityPlus 500 using a 10 mm broadband probe. Spectra areacquired with a 90° carbon excitation pulse, and inverse-gated WALTZ-16proton decoupling. An acquisition time of approximately 1 second andrecycle delay of 3.5 seconds are used to allow quantitative integration.Solvent choice and sample concentration can be adjusted to accommodatedifferent solubility and to minimize spectral interference based on thespecific composition of the blend. See Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy:High-Resolution Methods and Applications in Organic Chemistry andBiochemistry, 3rd edition, Eberhard Breitmaier and Wolfgang Voelter(VCH, 1990) for a general description of CNMR techniques.

End-Uses

Compositions according to the present invention are particularly usefulin wire and cable insulation. In this regard, the compositions accordingto the present invention are particularly useful for such applicationsbecause inter alia they are easily processed, thermally stable materialwithout using an appreciable amount of antioxidant, which can effectresistivity of insulation.

Compositions according to the invention are also particularly useful informed goods for use in the food and medical industries. In this regard,the compositions according to the present invention are particularlyuseful for such applications because inter alia they are readilyinjection molded and can also be readily extruded into films. They haveessentially no taste and do not require nitrosamines (or vulcanizingagents) or phthalate plasticizers (and thus in preferred embodiments thecompositions do not contain these ingredients) and furthermore becauseof this the parts made of these compositions are relatively“clean-burning”. The compositions are also stable to electromagneticradiation, particularly gamma-radiation (and thus also do not requirestabilization agents with respect to electromagnetic radiation).

Compositions according to the invention are also particularly useful inflexible formed decorative and structural automotive parts such asinstrument panels, seat material, bumper parts, and the like. In thisregard, the compositions according to the present invention areparticularly useful because inter alia they are readily injection moldedand can also be readily extruded into films, and because of theirstability to electromagnetic radiation, particularly UV radiation,without the necessity of stabilizers.

Preferred Embodiments

Preferred embodiments of the invention include: (A) a compositioncomprising: (i) at least one low molecular weight polyolefin; (ii) ablock copolymer obtainable by selectively hydrogenating a blockcopolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of a vinyl aromatic monomerand a mid-block prepared originally with an olefin and subsequentlyhydrogenated; and (iii) polypropylene, or even more preferred such acomposition with the proviso that when (i) is a PAO having a molecularweight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole, either: (a) (iii) is ahomopolymer characterized by an MFR>2 g/10 min, preferably >5 g/10 min,still more preferably >10 g/10 min, yet more preferably >20 g/10 min,yet still more preferably >30 g/10 min, wherein the MFR is preferablymeasured by ASTM D1238 (230° C./2.16 kg); (b) (iii) is a copolymer; or(c) (iii) is a polymer or copolymer made by a metallocene catalyst; or(d) the composition does not contain calcium carbonate; and also othermore preferred embodiments (which can be combined in numerous ways aswould be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art inpossession of the present disclosure) selected from: a compositionwherein (ii) is further characterized by end-blocks having Mn greaterthan about 10,000, preferably greater than about 12,000, still morepreferably greater than 15,000, and mid-blocks having Mn greater thanabout 75,000, preferably greater than about 80,000 (optionalcharacterizations which can otherwise be expressed as Mn/1000of >10/>75/>10, >12/>75/>12, >15/>75/>15, >10/>80/>10, >12/>80/>12, >15/>80/>15)(note:Mn is determined by GPC methods set forth herein, and said GPC methodscan have an error as high as 10%), and/or wherein (ii) is furthercharacterized by a vinyl aromatic monomer content of greater than 15 wt%, preferably 20 wt % or greater (an thus providing, as an example ofthe permissible combinations of embodiments that would be clear to oneof ordinary skill in the art in possession of the present disclosure, anembodiment characterizable as a proviso that when (ii) comprises atleast one SEBS, said SEBS is further characterized by at least one ofthe following: (a) end-blocks having Mn greater than about 10,000 andmid-blocks having Mn greater than about 75,000; and (b) a styreniccontent of greater than about 15 wt %, based on the weight of the blockcopolymer); wherein the at least one low molecular weight polyolefin isselected from oligomers of C3-C18 alphaolefins, C3-C14 alpha olefins,C3-C12 alphaolefins, C6-C14 alphaolefins, C6-C12 alphaolefins, C8-C12alphaolefins, or wherein the at least one low molecular weightpolyolefin is selected from oligomers of C10 alpha olefins; wherein theat least one low molecular weight polyolefin has a number averagemolecular weight of from greater than about 100 g/mol and less thanabout 2,000 g/mol, or a number average molecular weight of greater than1000 g/mol, or a number average molecular weight of 2000 g/mol orgreater (with limits on Mn of less then 21,000 g/mol and other limitsset forth herein, such as upper limits for PAOs of 10,000, 3,000, and soforth, which can be applied in general for ingredient (i) of theinvention); wherein the at least one low molecular weight polyolefin isliquid at 25° C.; wherein (ii) is selected from selectively hydrogenatedSIS, SBS, star-branched SIS, and star-branched SBS; wherein thepolypropylene component is at least one polypropylene selected fromatactic polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, syndiotacticpolypropylene, and mixtures thereof; wherein said polypropylenecomponent is at least one polypropylene selected from polypropyleneproduced using a Zeigler Natta catalyst, a polypropylene produced usinga metallocene catalyst, or mixtures thereof; wherein said at least onelow molecular weight polyolefin is a non-functional plasticizer (NFP)characterized as a liquid with no distinct melting point above 0° C. anda kinematic viscosity at 25° C. of 30,000 cSt or less, and furthercharacterized by at least one of the parameters selected from thefollowing: (a) kinematic viscosity at 100° C. (KV₁₀₀) <400 cSt; (b)Flash Point >200° C.; (c) Pour Point <−25° C.; (d) Specific Gravity of0.85 or less; a distillation range having a difference between the uppertemperature and the lower temperature of 40° C. or less; and (e) a finalboiling point of from 115° C. to 500° C. (or wherein said NFP ischaracterized by at least two of said parameters, or wherein said NFP ischaracterized by at least three of said parameters, or wherein said NFPis characterized by at least four of said parameters, or wherein saidNFP is characterized by all of said parameters, any of theaforementioned still further characterized by the case where said NFP isproduced using a metallocene catalyst, wherein said NFP is producedusing a reduced metal oxide catalyst, or wherein said NFP is producedusing a zeolite catalyst, or a mixture of these materials as the NFP);wherein said at least one low molecular weight polyolefin is selectedfrom Group III hydrocarbon oil basestocks, GTL-derived basestocks,polyisobutenes, wax isomerate lubricant oil basestocks, ethylene/butenecopolymers, and mixtures thereof; and particularly preferred would beany of the aforementioned limitations or combinations thereof whereinsaid composition is characterized by the absence of at least one ofvulcanizing agents, phthlate plasticizers, and UV and gamma radiationstabilizers, and/or the composition does not contain calcium carbonateor even case where the composition does not contain any filler orwherein the composition is further characterized as consistingessentially of (i), (ii), and (iii), or even cases where the compositionis characterized as consisting of (i), (ii), and (iii), wherein theterms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” take thereordinary meaning in the patent literature; wherein said composition ischaracterized by parameters selected from at least one of the following,measured after aging at 125° C. in air for 5 days, wherein the decreaseis measured relative to the original sample prior to aging:

(a) decrease in 100% Modulus of <15%, preferably <10%; (b) decrease inTensile Strength of <55%, preferably <45%; (c) decrease in Elongation atBreak of <25%, preferably <20%, still more preferably <15%; and (d)decrease in Toughness of <60%, preferably <50%, still more preferably<45%, and still more preferably such a composition characterized by atleast two of said parameters, or characterized by at least three of saidparameters, or characterized by all four of said parameters, orcharacterized by each of said “preferably” parameters (a)-(d), and soon; and also (B) an article comprising the composition according to anyone of the preceding limitations or combinations thereof, andparticularly thermoformed articles comprising such compositions, andalso articles (whether formed using a thermoforming step or not using athermoforming step) characterized as comprising an insulation materialand a material insulated by said insulation material, wherein saidinsulation material comprises the composition according to any one ofthe limitations or combination of limitation set forth herein,particularly wherein said material insulated by said insulation materialis selected from the group consisting of wire, cable, fiber, andcombinations thereof; and also (C) a thermoforming process comprisingthermoforming an article from a composition comprising an elastomericmaterial, the improvement comprising providing a composition accordingto any one of the limitations set forth in (A) of this paragraph, orcombinations of those limitations, especially a thermoforming operationincluding injection molding and/or extrusion.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to:

-   1. A composition comprising:    -   (i) at least one low molecular weight polyolefin;    -   (ii) a block copolymer obtainable by selectively hydrogenating a        block copolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of a vinyl        aromatic monomer and a mid-block prepared originally with an        olefin and subsequently hydrogenated; and    -   (iii) polypropylene;    -   (iv) with the proviso that when (i) is a PAO having a molecular        weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole, either:        -   (a) (iii) is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater            than 2 g/10 min,        -   (b) (iii) is a copolymer; or        -   (c) (iii) is a polymer or copolymer made by a metallocene            catalyst; or        -   (d) the composition does not contain calcium carbonate.-   2. The composition of Paragraph 1, wherein (ii) is further    characterized by at least one of (a) end-blocks having Mn greater    than about 10,000; and (b) mid-blocks having Mn greater than about    75,000.-   3. The composition of Paragraph 1 or 2, wherein (ii) is further    characterized by a vinyl aromatic monomer content of greater than 15    wt %, based on the weight of the block copolymer.-   4 The composition of Paragraph 1, 2, or 3 wherein (ii) comprises at    least one SEBS, said SEBS characterized by at least one of the    following: (a) end-blocks having Mn greater than about 10,000 and    mid-blocks having Mn greater than about 75,000; and (b) a styrenic    content of greater than 15 wt %, based on the weight of the block    copolymer.-   5. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 4, wherein the at least    one low molecular weight polyolefin is selected from oligomers of    C3-C14 alpha olefins.-   6. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 5, wherein the at least    one low molecular weight polyolefin has a number average molecular    weight of from greater than about 100 g/mol and less than about    2,000 g/mol.-   7. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 6, wherein the at least    one low molecular weight polyolefin is a liquid at 25° C.-   8. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein (ii) is    selected from selectively hydrogenated SIS, SBS, star-branched SIS,    and star-branched SBS.-   9. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 8, wherein the    polypropylene is selected from atactic polypropylene, isotactic    polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, and mixtures thereof.-   10. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 9, wherein said    polypropylene is selected from polypropylene produced using a    Zeigler Natta catalyst, a polypropylene produced using a metallocene    catalyst, or mixtures thereof.-   11. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 10, wherein said at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is a non-functional    plasticizer (NFP) characterized as a liquid with no distinct melting    point above 0° C. and a kinematic viscosity at 25° C. of 30,000 cSt    or less, and further characterized by at least one parameter    selected from the following: (a) kinematic viscosity at 100° C.    (KV₁₀₀)<400 cSt; (b) Flash Point >200° C.; (c) Pour Point <−25°    C.; (d) Specific Gravity of 0.85 or less; a distillation range    having a difference between the upper temperature and the lower    temperature of 40° C. or less; and (e) a final boiling point of from    115° C. to 500° C.-   12. The composition according to Paragraph 11, wherein said NFP is    characterized by at least two of said parameters.-   13. The composition according to Paragraph 11, wherein said NFP is    characterized by at least three of said parameters.-   14. The composition according to Paragraph 11, wherein said NFP is    characterized by at least four of said parameters.-   15. The composition according to any of Paragraphs 11 to 14, wherein    said NFP is characterized by all of said parameters.-   16. The composition according to any of Paragraphs 11 to 15, wherein    said NFP is produced using a metallocene catalyst.-   17. The composition according to any of Paragraphs 11 to 16, wherein    said NFP is produced using a reduced metal oxide catalyst.-   18. The composition according to any of Paragraphs 11 to 17, wherein    said NFP is produced using a zeolite catalyst.-   19. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 18, wherein said at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is selected from Group III    hydrocarbon oil basestocks, GTL-derived basestocks, polyisobutenes,    wax isomerate lubricant oil basestocks, ethylene/butene copolymers,    and mixtures thereof.-   20. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 19, wherein said    composition does not contain calcium carbonate.-   21. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 20, wherein said    composition does not contain vulcanizing agents, phthalate    plasticizers, and UV and gamma radiation stabilizers.-   22. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 21, further comprising    one or more parameters selected from the following:    -   (a) decrease in 100% Modulus of less than 15%    -   (b) decrease in Tensile Strength of less than 55%    -   (c) decrease in Elongation at Break of less than 25%; and    -   (d) decrease in Toughness of less than 60%,    -   wherein the parameters are measured after aging at 125° C. in        air for 5 days, and the decrease is measured relative to the        original sample prior to aging:-   23. The composition of Paragraph 1, further comprising one or more    parameters selected from the following:    -   (a) decrease in 100% Modulus of less than 10%;    -   (b) decrease in Tensile Strength of less than 45%;    -   (c) decrease in Elongation at Break of less than 15%; and    -   (d) decrease in Toughness of less than 45%,    -   wherein the parameters are measured after aging at 125° C. in        air for 5 days, and the decrease is measured relative to the        original sample prior to aging:-   24. The composition of Paragraph 22 or 23, characterized by at least    two of said parameters.-   25. The composition of Paragraph 22 or 23, characterized by at least    three of said parameters.-   26. The composition of Paragraph 22 or 23, characterized by all four    of said parameters.-   27. The composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to 26, wherein the at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin has a number average    molecular weight of greater than about 1,000 g/mol.-   28. An article comprising the composition of any of Paragraphs 1 to    27.-   29. A thermoformed article comprising the composition according to    any of Paragraphs 1 to 27.-   30. An article comprising an insulation material and a material    insulated by said insulation material, wherein said insulation    material comprises the composition according to any of paragraphs 1    to 27.-   31. The article according to Paragraph 28, wherein said material    insulated by said insulation material is selected from the group    consisting of wire, cable, fiber, and combinations thereof.-   32. A thermoforming process comprising thermoforming an article from    a composition comprising an elastomeric material, the improvement    comprising providing a composition according to any of Paragraphs 1    to 27.-   33. The thermoforming process according to Paragraph 32, said    thermoforming process selected from injection molding and extrusion.-   34. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a    molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the    polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than    2 g/10 min.-   35. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a    molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the    polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than    5 g/10 min.-   36. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a    molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the    polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than    10 g/10 min.-   37. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a    molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the    polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than    20 g/10 min.-   38. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the at    least one low molecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a    molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the    polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than    30 g/10 min.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention withparticular detail. Numerous modifications and variations are possible,and it is to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims,the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein. Ingredients in the tables below are given in wt % for the totalweight of ingredients (i), (ii), and (iii) according to the invention(and calcium carbonate in Table 7), whereas the wt % of Irganoxantioxidant is relative to the total base composition of (i), (ii), and(iii) (and calcium carbonate, where present).

Two Kraton® G polymers (SEBSs) and the other components used in thisinvention are described in Table A below. TABLE A1 Wt % Vol % Pour End-End- Point, Material M_(n)/1000 Block Block T_(g), ° C. T_(m), ° C. ° C.Kraton G ® 1650 17-86-17 28 24.6 −60 34 — Kraton G ® 1657 5.5-70-5.5 1411.5 −65  8 — SpectraSyn 10 0.72 — — — — −54 Sunpar 150 0.70 — — — — −15EB Copolymer 4.4  — — — — —

The C₄ content of the EB copolymer is about 47 wt %. Ahomopolypropylene, PP 3155 (no nucleating agent; only stabilizers; MeltFlow Rate (MFR)=35 (230° C./2.16 kg; ASTM D1238; available fromExxonMobil Chemical Company), was also used. The GPC molecular weightsof this polypropylene are M_(n)=64,000, M_(w)=304,000 andM_(z)=1,145,000.

The characterization information of the SEBS polymers is summarized inthe above table. The numerical pre-factors represent number averagemolecular weight (Mn) of the block in 1000 gm mol⁻¹. A Waters GPC usingTHF as carrier or permeation solvent equipped with UV and DRI detectorswas used to determine M_(n). The composition of the block copolymers(expressed as wt % end-block) was obtained by ¹H NMR using a Varian XL400 with deuterated chloroform as the solvent. Thermal characterizationof the block copolymers was performed using a Perkin Elmer Pyris I DSCwith sub-ambient capability at a heating rate of 10° C./min. These SEBSpolymers were obtained from Shell Chemical Company and used as received.Molecular weights of the polypropylene and the EB copolymer was measuredby a Waters 150C GPC (column set: 3 Polymer Labs PLgel Mixed-B LS orequivalent)-using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the permeation solvent(polymer concentration ˜3-4 mg/ml).

The blends were mixed thoroughly and homogeneously in a Brabender mixer.First, the mixer was heated to 190° C. PP 3155 was added, followed byIrganox 2215. SEBS was then added and the temperature was raised to 240°C. The temperature was then lowered to 210° C. and SpectraSyn 10, Sunpar150 or ethylene/butene copolymer (EBC) was added slowly until the fluidor EBC was all incorporated in the blend.

Blends recovered from the Brabender were compression-molded into sheetsof thickness about 2 mm between Teflon-coated aluminum foil by using aheated hydraulic press at a temperature of 180° C., a molding time of 25min, and a press force of 10,000 lb. Micro-dumbbell specimens (the baseis ˜1 cm×1 cm and the center, narrow strip is ˜0.6 cm×0.2 cm) were cutfrom these sheets and stress-strain measurements under tension wereperformed in an Instron tester. Measurements using triplicate samples(conditioned under ambient conditions for 24 hr prior to tests) wereperformed at room temperature and at a separation speed of 2″/min=850μm/s. The stress was calculated based on the undeformed cross-sectionalarea of the test specimen. Strain measurements were based on clampseparation. The tensile toughness was measured as the total area underthe stress-strain curve.

DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis) probes the small-strainmechanical response (relaxation behavior) of samples in the solid-stateas a function of temperature over a temperature range that included theviscoelastic region prior to melting. The output is the storage modulusE′ and loss modulus E″. The storage modulus measures the elasticresponse or the ability of the material to store energy, and the lossmodulus measures the viscous response or the ability of the material todissipate energy. The ratio of E″/E′ (loss tangent) gives a measure ofthe damping ability of the material. Energy dissipation mechanisms(i.e., relaxation modes) show up as peaks in loss tangent and areassociated with a drop in E′ as a function of temperature. Theuncertainty associated with reported values of E′ is expected to be onthe order of ±10% due to experimental variability. DMTA was used tomeasure the glass transition temperatures, Tg1's and Tg2's, of the TPEcompositions, assigned based on the loss tangent maximum. The instrumentused was the Rheometrics Solid Analyzer RSA II in tension mode (0.5%strain, 1 Hz frequency, 2° C./min heating rate, and a temperature rangeof ca. −100 to 150° C.). Molded samples had dimensions of about 23mm×6.42 mm×0.7 mm and were conditioned under ambient conditions for 24hr before the DMTA runs.

A portable hardness Type A durometer (Shore® Instrument & Mfg. Co.,Inc., Freeport, N.Y.) was used to measure hardness. The instantaneousvalue was reported. The high-temperature softening behavior was testedusing a CEAST HDT 300 VICAT. A needle of 1-mm2 area was applied with aforce of 200 g to the specimen surface submerged in the heat transferfluid, Dow 220, while the temperature was raised at a heating rate of120° C./hr. The temperature at which the needle penetrated 1-mm into thesample was reported as the Vicat softening point.

The crystallization temperature Tc and melting temperature Tm of allpolymeric materials except the Kraton G polymer and EBC were measuredusing an TA Instruments MDSC 2920. Typically, 6-10 mg of polymericmaterial was sealed in an aluminum pan and loaded into the instrument atroom temperature. All runs were carried out in a nitrogen environment.Melting data (first heat) were acquired by heating the sample to atleast 30° C. above its melting temperature at a heating rate of 10°C./min. This provides information on the melting behavior underas-blended conditions, which can be influenced by thermal history. Thesample was then held for 10 min at this temperature to destroy itsthermal history. Crystallization data was acquired by cooling the samplefrom the melt to at least 50° C. below the crystallization temperatureat a cooling rate of 10° C./min. The sample was then held at 25° C. for10 min and finally heated at 10° C./min to acquire additional meltingdata (second heat). This provides information about the melting behaviorafter a controlled thermal history. The endothermic melting transition(first and second heat) and exothermic crystallization transition wereanalyzed for the occurrence of peak temperature. The Tm's reported arethe peak melting temperatures from the second heat.

Thermal characterization of the block copolymers was performed using aPerkin-Elmer Pyris I DSC with sub-ambient capability at a heating rateof 10° C./min. Temperature was varied between −100 to 200° C. A thermalscan of the EBC was performed using a modulated DSC (DSC 2910, TAInstruments). The encapsulated sample was first heated at 10° C./min to200° C. and was held at this temperature for 2 min. It was then cooledat 10° C./min to −100° C. and was held at this temperature for 5 min.The thermogram was recorded at a heating rate of 10° C./min (modulatedat ±0.5° C./min) up to the final temperature of 200° C.

The permanence of the fluid in the polymer was studied by TGA.10 APerkin-Elmer TGA 7 was used to measure the weight loss from a samplepurged by nitrogen with a flow rate of 20 mmin. Test specimens of 10-milthickness and 5-mg weight were prepared by compression molding betweenTeflon-coated aluminum foil by using a heated hydraulic press at atemperature of 180° C., a molding time of 25 min, and a press force of10,000 lb. In the TGA, temperature was ramped from ambient to 150° C. at150° C./min then held at 150° C. for 2 hr. The weight loss over thistime period was recorded.

Various samples in accordance with one or more embodiments describedwere prepared. The samples were prepared according to the formulationsshown in the following Tables.

Referring to Table 1, by adding SpectraSyn 10 to Kraton G 1650, thehydrogenated block copolymer (Sample-1) was transformed into a softcomposition, Sample-2, with lower values of hardness, 100% modulus,tensile strength, toughness and Vicat. Only the elongation at break wasenhanced. However, the replacement of some SEBS in Sample-2 bypolypropylene PP 3155 produced a composition, Sample-3, with mediumlevels of performance in contrast to Sample-1 and Sample-2. Table 2shows the data when the Sunpar oil was used in Kraton® G 1650,(Samples-4 and 5). Table 3 shows the data when the SEBS is Kraton® G1657 and the NFP is SpectraSyn 10. TABLE 1 Formulation Sample-1 Sample-2Sample-3 Kraton ® G 1650 100 80 64 PP 3155 — — 16 SpectraSyn 10 — 20 20Irganox 2215 — 0.08 0.08 Hardness 81A 55A 64A 100% Modulus MPa 2.82 1.192.13 Tensile Strength, MPa 19.3 7.32 13.1 Elongation at Break, % 630 920730 Toughness, MPa 64 47 60 Vicat, 200 g, ° C. 112 79 93

TABLE 2 Formulation Sample-4 Sample-5 Kraton G ® 1650 80 64 PP 3155 — 16Sunpar 150 20 20 Irganox 2215 0.08 0.08 Hardness 53A 63A 100% ModulusMPa 1.72 2.30 Tensile Strength, MPa 6.83 19.2 Elongation at Break, % 760840 Toughness, MPa 38 91 Vicat, 200 g, ° C. 80 91

From each of the molded pads of the formulations in Tables 1-3, threedumbbells were cut and aged in an oven at 125° C. for 5 days in air. Allthe dumbbells for Sample-6, Sample-2, Sample-7, Sample-8 and Sample-4were either melted or severely distorted in the oven. Only those ofSample-1, Sample-3 and Sample-5 remained intact. Stress-strainmeasurements of these aged dumbbells were performed. The results areshown in Table 4. How much these stress-strain properties lost afteraging were calculated by:Δ(Stress-Strain Property)={[(Stress-StrainProperty)_(Aged)−(Stress-Strain Property)_(Unaged)](Stress-Strain Property)_(Unaged)}×100%  (1)

Except the minor deficiency in 100% modulus, Sample-3 (based onSpectraSyn 10) retained a larger portion of its stress-strainperformance than Sample-5 (based on Sunpar 150). Sample-3 (T_(g)=−53°C.) had better low temperature mechanical properties than Sample-5(T_(g)=−48° C.), where T_(g) was the glass transition temperature of thepolymeric composition. This particular transition temperature of thepolymeric composition was measured by DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical ThermalAnalysis). It was determined from the location of the loss tangentmaximum. The instrument used was the Rheometrics Solid Analyzer RSA IIin the tension mode (0.1% strain, 1 Hz frequency, and 2° C./min heatingrate). The sample had a dimension of about 23 mm×6.42 mm×0.7 mm afterloading. After molding, the samples were conditioned under ambientconditions for 24 hr before the DMTA runs. The T_(g) of Sample-1 (theneat Kraton® G 1650) is −45° C. Sample-2 (T_(g)=−52° C.) also had betterlow temperature mechanical properties than Sample-4 (T_(g)=−48° C.).TABLE 3 Formulation Sample-6 Sample-7 Sample-8 Kraton ® G 1657 100 80 64PP 3155 — — 16 SpectraSyn 10 — 20 20 Irganox 2215 — 0.08 0.08 Hardness53A 40A 48A 100% Modulus MPa 1.20 0.57 0.82 Tensile Strength, MPa 8.503.64 2.15 Elongation at Break, % 870 1000 780 Toughness, MPa 39 22 18Vicat, 200 g, ° C. 69 49 53

TABLE 4 Aged 125° C. for 5 days Formulation Sample-1 Sample-3 Sample-5Kraton ® G 1650 100 64 64 PP 3155 — 16 16 SpectraSyn 10 — 20 Sunpar 15020 Irganox 2215 — 0.08 0.08 100% Modulus MPa 2.38 1.97 2.14 TensileStrength, MPa 5.72 7.98 8.19 Elongation at Break, % 380 650 580Toughness, MPa 19 37 35 Δ(100% Modulus), % −16 −7.5 −7.0 Δ(TensileStrength), % −70 −39 −57 Δ(Elongation at Break), % −40 −11 −31Δ(Toughness), % −70 −38 −62

Table 5 shows the data when an ethylene/butene (EB) copolymer was usedin a composition with Kraton® G 1650. Table 6 shows the data when theSEBS is Kraton® G 1657 and the fluid was the EB copolymer. TABLE 5Formulation Sample-1 Sample-9 Sample-10 Kraton ® G 1650 100 80 64 PP3155 — — 16 EB Copolymer (EBC) — 20 20 Irganox 2215 — 0.08 0.08 Hardness81A 61A 71A 100% Modulus MPa 2.82 1.69 2.65 Tensile Strength, MPa 19.313.5 13.7 Elongation at Break, % 630 1100 810 Toughness, MPa 64 87 74Vicat, 200 g, ° C. 112 86 97

TABLE 6 Formulation Sample-6 Sample-11 Sample-12 Kraton ® G 1657 100 8064 PP 3155 — — 16 EB Copolymer (EBC) — 20 20 Irganox 2215 — 0.08 0.08Hardness 53A 50A 55A 100% Modulus MPa 1.20 0.64 0.80 Tensile Strength,MPa 8.50 7.28 4.73 Elongation at Break, % 870 1200 1100 Toughness, MPa39 43 36 Vicat, 200 g, ° C. 69 55 56

Except for the stress-strain properties of Sample-5, both thestress-strain properties and Vicat's of the EBC-containing formulations(Kraton® G 1650 or 1657) in Tables 5-6 outperformed those of theSpectraSyn 10- or Sunpar 150-containing formulations (Kraton® G 1650 or1657) in Tables 1-3.

Table 7 shows some formulations filled with Omyacarb 2 (a calciumcarbonate filler from Omya California Inc., Lucerne Valley, Calif.). TheSEBS polymer (Kraton® G 1651) had a 33 wt % styrene end-block. PP 4152F2was polypropylene homopolymer having an MFR=2 g/10 min (230° C./2.16 kg;ISO 1133) available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company. For the molded padof each formulation in Table 7, three dumbbells were cut and aged in anoven at 125° C. for 5 days. Stress-strain measurements of these ageddumbbells were carried out. The results are shown in Table 8. How muchthese stress-strain properties lost after aging was calculated by theΔ(Stress-Strain Property) equation given above. After aging, most or allof the stress-strain properties have been lost as reported in Table 8.TABLE 7 Formulation Sample-13 Sample-14 Kraton ® G 1651 30 32 PP 4152F220 14 SpectraSyn 10 35 38 Omyacarb 2, OMYA (CaCO₃) 15 16 Irganox 22150.05 0.05 Hardness 88A 90A 100% Modulus, MPa 7.70 5.08 Tensile Strength,MPa 8.64 11.1 Elongation at Break, % 300 380 Toughness, MPa 38 37 Vicat,200 g, ° C. 157 161

TABLE 8 Aged 125° C. for 5 days Formulation Sample-13 Sample-14 100%Modulus, MPa 0 0 Tensile Strength, MPa 0.32 0 Elongation at Break, % 900 Toughness, MPa 0.42 0 Δ(100% Modulus), % −100 −100 Δ(TensileStrength), % −96 −100 Δ(Elongation at Break), % −70 −100 Δ(Toughness), %−99 −100

Test specimens for mechanical property testing were injection-moldedfollowing ASTM D618 as closely as possible, and tested at roomtemperature (23±2° C.).

Tensile properties were determined according to ASTM D638, includingYoung's modulus, yield stress and yield strain, break stress (alsocalled tensile strength) and break strain, and the stress at givenstrain values (also called, for example, the 10%, 50%, or 100% modulusfor the strain at 10, 50, and 100% strain, respectively).Injection-molded tensile bars were of ASTM D638 Type IV geometry, testedat a speed of 2 inch/min. Break properties were reported only if amajority of test specimens broke before a strain of about 2000%, whichis the maximum strain possible on the load frame used for testing. 1%secant modulus (also called flexural modulus herein) was determinedaccording to ASTM D790A, using injection molded flexural bars on a2-inch support span.

Heat deflection temperature was determined according to ASTM D 648, at66 psi, on injection-molded specimens. VICAT softening temperature wasdetermined according to ASTM D 1525, using a 200 g load.

Notched Izod impact strength was determined according to ASTM D256, atthe specified temperature. A TMI Izod Impact Tester was used. Pairs ofspecimens were cut from injection-molded ASTM D790 flexural bars; therectangular bar had a width of about 1.3 cm and a thickness of about 0.3cm. The notch was oriented such that the impact occurred on the notchedside of the specimen (following Procedure A of ASTM D256) in most cases;where specified, the notch orientation was reversed (following ProcedureE of ASTM D256) and referred to as “Reverse Notched Izod” (RNI) or“Un-notched Izod” (UNI) impact. All specimens were assigned a thicknessof 0.122 inch for calculation of the impact resistance. All breaks werecomplete, unless specified otherwise.

All patents and patent applications, test procedures (such as ASTMmethods, ISO methods, and the like), and other documents cited hereinare fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is notinconsistent with this invention and for all jurisdictions in which suchincorporation is permitted. When numerical lower limits and numericalupper limits are listed herein, ranges from any lower limit to any upperlimit are contemplated. Parameters given in the claims are measuredaccording to the methods set forth herein for the relevant parameter orin the absence of a stated method can be determined by one of ordinaryskill in the art using known method.

Trade names used herein are indicated by a ™ symbol or ® symbol,indicating that the names can be protected by certain trademark rights,e.g., they can be registered trademarks in various jurisdictions.

Certain embodiments and features have been described using a set ofnumerical upper limits and a set of numerical lower limits. It should beappreciated that ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit arecontemplated unless otherwise indicated. Certain lower limits, upperlimits and ranges appear in one or more claims below. All numericalvalues are “about” or “approximately” the indicated value, and take intoaccount experimental error and variations that would be expected by aperson having ordinary skill in the art.

Various terms have been defined above. To the extent a term used in aclaim is not defined above, it should be given the broadest definitionpersons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in atleast one printed publication or issued patent. Furthermore, allpatents, test procedures, and other documents cited in this applicationare fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is notinconsistent with this application and for all jurisdictions in whichsuch incorporation is permitted.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention,other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised withoutdeparting from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof isdetermined by the claims that follow.

1. A composition comprising: (i) at least one low molecular weightpolyolefin; (ii) a block copolymer obtainable by selectivelyhydrogenating a block copolymer having terminal polymeric blocks of avinyl aromatic monomer and a mid-block prepared originally with anolefin and subsequently hydrogenated; and (iii) polypropylene; (iv) withthe proviso that when (i) is a PAO having a molecular weight of betweenabout 400 and 1000 g/mole, either: (a) (iii) is a homopolymercharacterized by an MFR greater than 2 g/10 min, (b) (iii) is acopolymer; or (c) (iii) is a polymer or copolymer made by a metallocenecatalyst; or (d) the composition does not contain calcium carbonate. 2.The composition of claim 1, wherein (ii) is further characterized by atleast one of (a) end-blocks having Mn greater than about 10,000; and (b)mid-blocks having Mn greater than about 75,000.
 3. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein (ii) is further characterized by a vinyl aromaticmonomer content of greater than 15 wt %, based on the weight of theblock copolymer.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein (ii) comprisesat least one SEBS, said SEBS characterized by at least one of thefollowing: (a) end-blocks having Mn greater than about 10,000 andmid-blocks having Mn greater than about 75,000; and (b) a styreniccontent of greater than 15 wt %, based on the weight of the blockcopolymer.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one lowmolecular weight polyolefin is selected from oligomers of C3-C14 alphaolefins.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one lowmolecular weight polyolefin has a number average molecular weight offrom greater than about 100 g/mol and less than about 2,000 g/mol. 7.The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one low molecularweight polyolefin is a liquid at 25° C.
 8. The composition of claim 1,wherein (ii) is selected from selectively hydrogenated SIS, SBS,star-branched SIS, and star-branched SBS.
 9. The composition of claim 1,wherein the polypropylene is selected from atactic polypropylene,isotactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, and mixturesthereof.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said polypropylene isselected from polypropylene produced using a Zeigler Natta catalyst, apolypropylene produced using a metallocene catalyst, or mixturesthereof.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one lowmolecular weight polyolefin is a non-functional plasticizer (NFP)characterized as a liquid with no distinct melting point above 0° C. anda kinematic viscosity at 25° C. of 30,000 cSt or less, and furthercharacterized by at least one parameter selected from the following: (a)kinematic viscosity at 100° C. (KV₁₀₀)<400 cSt; (b) Flash Point >200°C.; (c) Pour Point <−25° C.; (d) Specific Gravity of 0.85 or less; adistillation range having a difference between the upper temperature andthe lower temperature of 40° C. or less; and (e) a final boiling pointof from 115° C. to 500° C.
 12. The composition according to claim 11,wherein said NFP is characterized by at least two of said parameters.13. The composition according to claim 11, wherein said NFP ischaracterized by at least three of said parameters.
 14. The compositionaccording to claim 11, wherein said NFP is characterized by at leastfour of said parameters.
 15. The composition according to claim 11,wherein said NFP is characterized by all of said parameters.
 16. Thecomposition according to claim 11, wherein said NFP is produced using ametallocene catalyst.
 17. The composition according to claim 11, whereinsaid NFP is produced using a reduced metal oxide catalyst.
 18. Thecomposition according to claim 11, wherein said NFP is produced using azeolite catalyst.
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein said at leastone low molecular weight polyolefin is selected from Group IIIhydrocarbon oil basestocks, GTL-derived basestocks, polyisobutenes, waxisomerate lubricant oil basestocks, ethylene/butene copolymers, andmixtures thereof.
 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein saidcomposition does not contain calcium carbonate.
 21. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein said composition does not contain vulcanizing agents,phthalate plasticizers, and UV and gamma radiation stabilizers.
 22. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising one or more parametersselected from the following: (a) decrease in 100% Modulus of less than15% (b) decrease in Tensile Strength of less than 55% (c) decrease inElongation at Break of less than 25%; and (d) decrease in Toughness ofless than 60%, wherein the parameters are measured after aging at 125°C. in air for 5 days, and the decrease is measured relative to theoriginal sample prior to aging:
 23. The composition of claim 1, furthercomprising one or more parameters selected from the following: (a)decrease in 100% Modulus of less than 10%; (b) decrease in TensileStrength of less than 45%; (c) decrease in Elongation at Break of lessthan 15%; and (d) decrease in Toughness of less than 45%, wherein theparameters are measured after aging at 125° C. in air for 5 days, andthe decrease is measured relative to the original sample prior to aging:24. The composition of claim 22, characterized by at least two of saidparameters.
 25. The composition of claim 22, characterized by at leastthree of said parameters.
 26. The composition of claim 22, characterizedby all four of said parameters.
 27. The composition of claim 1, whereinthe at least one low molecular weight polyolefin has a number averagemolecular weight of greater than about 1,000 g/mol.
 28. An articlecomprising the composition of claim
 1. 29. A thermoformed articlecomprising the composition according to claim
 1. 30. An articlecomprising an insulation material and a material insulated by saidinsulation material, wherein said insulation material comprises thecomposition according to claim
 1. 31. The article according to claim 28,wherein said material insulated by said insulation material is selectedfrom the group consisting of wire, cable, fiber, and combinationsthereof.
 32. A thermoforming process comprising thermoforming an articlefrom a composition comprising an elastomeric material, the improvementcomprising providing a composition according to claim
 1. 33. Thethermoforming process according to claim 32, said thermoforming processselected from injection molding and extrusion.
 34. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one low molecular weight polyolefin is aPAO having a molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole andthe polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than2 g/10 min.
 35. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one lowmolecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a molecular weight ofbetween about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the polypropylene is a homopolymercharacterized by an MFR greater than 5 g/10 min.
 36. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one low molecular weight polyolefin is aPAO having a molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole andthe polypropylene is a homopolyrner characterized by an MFR greater than20 g/10 min.
 37. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least onelow molecular weight polyolefin is a PAO having a molecular weight ofbetween about 400 and 1000 g/mole and the polypropylene is a homopolymercharacterized by an MFR greater than 20 g/10 min.
 38. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one low molecular weight polyolefin is aPAO having a molecular weight of between about 400 and 1000 g/mole andthe polypropylene is a homopolymer characterized by an MFR greater than30 g/10 min.